Immune Responses and Protection Against H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Induced by the Newcastle Disease Virus H5 Vaccine in Ducks

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a vinaceous Amazon parrot based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The bird was prostrate on the bottom of the cage and died. Necropsy revealed edema and congestion of the lungs, cloudy air sacs, and mild hepatomegaly. Histopathology revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema and interstitial mononuclear cell inflammation associated with many cysts containing bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii scattered throughout. The heart had mild multifocal lymphocytic myocarditis and free tachyzoites in the muscle fibers, and the kidneys had mild interstitial nephritis and a few cysts containing bradyzoites of T. gondii. Immunohistochemistry was negative for Sarcocystis falcatula and Neospora caninum and confirmed the protozoa as T. gondii. This is the first description of T. gondii in an endangered species ofa Brazilian psittacine.

Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccines Against Human and Animal Infectious Diseases

“…Various results revealed that animals (e.g., chickens, ducks, mice or primates) immunized with the chimeric virus (rNDV/HA) induced a high level of HPAIV-specific mucosal and serum antibodies especially when administered through the respiratory tract, and were completely protected against challenge with velogenic NDV (vNDV) as well as lethal challenges of both homologous and heterologous HPAIV subtype H5. More importantly, shedding of vNDV and HPAIV challenge viruses was strongly reduced compared with nonvaccinated control birds [110][111][112][113][114][115]. The same satisfying results were obtained when rNDV was engineered to express the HA gene of HPAIV subtype H7 [116,117].…”

Comparison of single 1-day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime/boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge

“…The rNDV-AI vectored vaccine was generated by reverse genetics from an enterotropic AVINEW ® (Merial, Lyon, France) vaccine and encoding an optimized synthetic HA gene from HPAIV clade 2.2. We used the H5N1 A/turkey/Turkey/1/05 strain whose cleavage site PQGERRRKKR/GLF (HP) was mutated into PQGETR/GLF (LP) as described previously (Ferreira et al, 2012). The inactivated H5N9 vaccine was an experimental vaccine as described earlier Mitogens and antigens.…”

“…NDV-specific humoral immunity was evaluated by HI test as described previously (Ferreira et al, 2012) Measurement of NDV-specific and AIV-specific local antibodymediated immunity in the digestive tract. The culture of intestinal tissue was conducted as described previously (Rauw et al, 2009).…”

“…The oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were harvested and RNA was extracted as described previously (Ferreira et al, 2012). The H5N1 HPAI RNA was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix (M) gene of avian influenza (Spackman et al, 2002) and quantification was done relative to a standard curve based on 10-fold dilutions of an in vitro transcribed RNA template (Steensels et al, 2009).…”

Veterinary Influenza Vaccines Against Avian Influenza in China

“…It was the first successful recombinant virus vector vaccine to elicit chicken cellular immunity; however, there are still several disadvantages including virus shedding, efficacy interfered by maternal antibodies against FPV and laborious procedure of vaccination [22]. Subsequently, recombinant NDV vaccines rLH5-1, rLH5-5 and rLH5-6, sharing the same HA genetic background as Re-1, Re-5 and Re-6, respectively, were put into use in spite of maternal NDV antibody interference (Table 1) [23]. Government policy requires 100% of poultry in China to be vaccinated twice annually [24].…”