Immune profiling of saliva in patients with and without dental caries

Nawaz, Ambreen; Batool, Husniah; Kashif, Muhammad; Abbas, Afia; Shahzad, Faheem; Tahir, Romeeza; Afzal, Nadeem

doi:10.3329/bjms.v18i3.41622

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Table 1 depicts the primary characteristics of the included 22 studies [Golpasand Hagh et al, 2013;Pal et al, 2013;Priya et al, 2013;Gabryel-Porowska et al, 2014;Gornowicz et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2015;Castro et al, 2016;Yassin, 2016;Jagadesh Babu et al, 2017;Picco et al, 2017;Sitaru et al, 2017;Haeri-Araghi et al, 2018;Monea et al, 2018;Pyati et al, 2018;Szkaradkiewicz-Karpinska et al, 2018;Nawaz et al, 2019;Soesilawati et al, 2019;Alani et al, 2020;Razi et al, 2020;Stojković et al, 2020;Angarita-Díaz et al, 2021;Khan et al, 2021]. Twelve studies were conducted in Asia [Golpasand Hagh et al, 2013;Pal et al, 2013;Priya et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2015;Yassin, 2016;Jagadesh Babu et al, 2017;Haeri-Araghi et al, 2018;Pyati et al, 2018;Nawaz et al, 2019;Soesilawati et al, 2019;Razi et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2021], followed by Europe (n = 6) [Gabryel-Porowska et al, 2014;Gornowicz et al, 2014;Sitaru et al, 2017;Monea et al, 2018;…”

Section: Primary Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Salivary proteins play an important role in repairing mechanisms of damaged tissues and the maintenance of oral health. However, there is a dearth of information in the literature regarding the concentrations of salivary proteins in caries-free (CF) and caries-active (CA) subjects. Hence, this systematic review was conducted to update our previous systematic review published in 2013 that aimed to assess the association between caries and salivary proteins by comparing CF and CA individuals. Thereby, evaluating the possibility of whether salivary proteins can be regarded as biomarkers for caries. An extensive search of studies was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science, and Elsevier’s Scopus between July 2012 and January 2022, without any language restriction. Manual searching in Google Scholar and evaluation of bibliographies of the included studies were also undertaken. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) within the included studies. Of 22 included studies, 1,551 human subjects (range: 30–213 participants) were recruited, of which 848 individuals (54.7%) were CA and 703 (45.3%) were CF. Regarding the utilization of DMFT as the caries index, high variability was observed across different articles. A statistically significant increase in the salivary levels of alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, and mucin-1 was found in CA patients, while the salivary levels of carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin were observed to be significantly increased in CF subjects. Conflicting results were found regarding the salivary levels of immunoglobulin A and total proteins among CA and CF subjects. The included studies were categorized as low RoB (n = 15), medium RoB (n = 4), and high RoB (n = 3). Due to significant heterogeneity among the included studies, no meta-analysis could be performed. In conclusion, the salivary levels of protein(s) might be a useful biomarker for caries diagnosis, especially alpha-amylase, acidic proline-rich protein-1, histatin-5, lactoperoxidase, mucin-1, carbonic anhydrase 6, proteinase-3, and statherin. However, their diagnostic value must be verified by large-scale prospective studies.

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Section: Primary Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…The results of the correlation between salivary s-IgA levels and the severity of dental caries were shown in Figure 5 . Because of the limited number of studies on differences in the severity of caries (only nine studies were included) [ 21 , 25 , 5 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 46 ], and the heterogeneity in the studies was greater than 50% ( I 2 >50%), a random-effects model was used ( P <0.001). The results show that when comparing the salivary s-IgA levels of patients with high dental caries and patients with low dental caries ( Figure 5 A), we found that the salivary s-IgA levels of patients with high dental caries were significantly lower than those of patients with low dental caries (SMD = −0.89, 95%CI: [−1.46; −0.31], P =0.003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between salivary s-IgA concentration and dental caries: an updated meta-analysis

Gong

Wang

et al. 2020

Bioscience Reports

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Objective: To determine the levels of s-IgA in saliva of caries patients and healthy controls, and to evaluate whether there is a correlation between it and caries by meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chongqing VIP database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and China BioMedical Literature Services System databases were searched initially in April 2020 and repeated in August 2020. Two independent evaluators screened the literature and extracted the data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. R 4.0.2 software was used for meta-analysis. I2 test was commonly reflected the heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis explore the sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis, funnel diagram, Begg’s rank correlation, and Egger’s linear regression were used to determine the possibility of publication bias. Results: The study was reviewed according to the project guidelines for optimal reporting (PRISMA) based on meta-analysis. A total of 30 case–control studies were included, with a total sample size of 1545 patients, including 918 caries patients and 627 healthy controls. Salivary s-IgA levels in caries patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (SMD = −0.49, 95%CI: [−0.94; −0.03], P=0.03). In addition, the results of subgroup analysis showed that the significant decrease of salivary s-IgA level was correlated with children patients, mixed dentition and Asian people (children: SMD = −0.45, 95%CI: [−0.89; −0.01], P=0.04; mixed dentition: SMD = −0.61, 95%CI: [−1.24; 0.03], P=0.06; Asian: SMD = −0.62, 95%CI: [−1.17; −0.08], P=0.02). The funnel diagram included in the study was symmetrically distributed, and the sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. Conclusion: Salivary s-IgA levels in caries patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls. It has also been demonstrated that salivary s-IgA may be used as an alternative measure to identify subjects at risk of caries susceptibility, suggesting that salivary s-IgA may be a protective factor for dental caries.

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“…There is no consensus on the S-IgA concentration in caries free and caries active subjects in different studies, despite the fact that immunological factors seem to play an important role in microorganism colonization and dental caries. Although some studies demonstrated high concentrations of S-IgA in a lower caries activity (3,17,21,22), other studies showed high levels of S-IgA with an increase in caries activity (4,11,18,(23)(24)(25) . However, there are studies that have not observed any correlation between S-IgA and dental caries (17,(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Koga-ito (17) and Kuriakose (22) indicated in their studies that the amount of S-IgA reduced following the increase in the number of decayed teeth and according to their conclusion, this reduction could be as a result of body defence mechanism. Nawaz et al, (4) found that S-IgA was raised in patients with dental caries compared to healthy controls and the authors stated that this may be due to the protective mechanism of immunoglobulins against dental caries to reduce and control caries severity. Ranadheer et al (25) and Amoundi et al (23) have also detected an increased level of IgA in patients of dental caries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, saliva is also a mixture of salivary gland secretions, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), bronchial and nasal secretions, bacteria and bacterial products, desquamation epithelial cells, and other cellular oral fluids (2). Gingival crevicular immune mechanism involves both cellular and humoral immunity (4). Saliva immunoglobulins are the first line of defense against pathogenic bacteria and their secretions (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Immunoglobulin A in Adults Having Different Caries Status

Gül

Celik

Hanci

et al. 2022

Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences

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Objective:The aim of the study was to compare the salivary IgA and gingival crevicular fluid IgA levels in caries active and caries free subjects. Methods:The study was carried out on 40 subjects divided into two groups, Group I caries free, (DMFT =0) and Group II caries active, (DMFT >10). Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid samples were obtained and plaque index, gingival index, gingival crevicular fluid volume and salivary flow rate were determined. The levels of S. mutans and lactobacillus were determined by culture. IgA concentrations of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid samples were determined using the ELISA. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests (α = 0.05).Results: Gingival crevicular fluid volume, plaque index and gingival index values of group II were significantly higher than group I (p< 0.05). Although lactobacillus counts of group II were higher than group I, no statistically significant differences were observed for microorganism counts (p>0.05). Salivary flow rate, gingival crevicular fluid-IgA and saliva-IgA levels were no statistically significant between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion:The present study showed that microorganism counts in the saliva did not by themselves influence the DMFT index. There is no dependence between secretory immunity and dental caries in subjects.

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Immune profiling of saliva in patients with and without dental caries

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Salivary Proteins as Dental Caries Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Association between salivary s-IgA concentration and dental caries: an updated meta-analysis

Analysis of Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Immunoglobulin A in Adults Having Different Caries Status

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