Immune dysfunction and liver damage of mice following exposure to lanthanoids

Abstract

In an effort to investigate the effects of exposure to lanthanoids (Ln) on the immune response and liver function, mice were orally exposed to LaCl3 , CeCl3 , and NdCl3 at 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg doses for 30 days, respectively; lymphocyte counts, serum IgM level, hematological indices, biochemical parameters of liver functions, and histopathological changes in Ln(3+) -treated mice were assessed. Indeed, 20 mg/kg Ln(3+) significantly inhibited mice growth and reduced the counts of white blood cells, platelets, and reticulocyte in mice blood. Specifically, in these Ln(3+) -treated mice, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and NK cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio as well as serum IgM level were decreased. Furthermore, liver function was disrupted, as evidenced by the increased alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, total bile acid and triglycerides, and the decreased glucose and ratio of albumin to globulin. The cytoarchitecture damage and fatty degeneration in liver caused by Ln(3+) at 20 mg/kg dose were also observed. Our findings showed that exposure to Ln affected the cell and humoral immunity and disturbed liver function in mice. In addition, Ce(3+) was found to exhibit higher toxicity than La(3+) and Nd(3+).

In vivo evaluation of a magnesium-based degradable intramedullary nailing system in a sheep model

“…Here, element concentrations were analyzed using different types of spectrometric techniques. But whereas histopathological changes in the liver like fatty degeneration, cloudy swelling, congestion, disruption of cytoarchitecture were mentioned [116,117] we did not see any pathological changes in the investigated organs. An explanation could be the much lower quantity of rare earth elements (~1-0.05 mg/kg/implant) contained in the examined LAE442 alloy and the additional slow degradation rate within our study.…”

“…One possible reason might be the ionic radius which is similar to calcium [115], an essential element in metabolic processes. The accumulation of rare earth elements in the liver could be stated by our investigations and is reported by other authors [112,[116][117][118] who orally or intravenously exposed rats and mice to various lanthanides for different periods of time. Here, element concentrations were analyzed using different types of spectrometric techniques.…”

“…However, the quantities of the rare earth elements following the 24 weeks of investigation in the present study remained clearly below the quantities examined and considered involved in adverse effects to physiological processes in the mentioned literature. For this reason, the quantities of rare earth elements should be to the minimum necessary in magnesium alloys, especially cerium, which leads to more adverse effects than neodymium or lanthanum [111,116,117]. Although adverse effects of aluminum (possible contribution to Alzheimer and Parkinson disease) [121][122][123] and rare earth elements were reported in the literature, only few suitable investigations about the toxicological values (maximum quantities / no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)) exists.…”

Twenty-Eight-Day Repeated Inhalation Toxicity Study of Nano-Sized Neodymium Oxide in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

“…However, toxicity in specific organs was reported in few repeated toxicity studies. After 30 days of repeated oral administration in mice, neodymium chloride (NdCl 3 ) inhibited cell and humoral immunity and induced liver toxicity at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (14), and prolonged oral administration of NdCl 3 for 60 days at the same dose induced additional kidney and heart toxicity in mice (15). Referring to the liver toxicity of NdCl 3 in mice, Huang et al (16) reported that repeated oral administration caused an accumulation of NdCl 3 in the nuclei of hepatocytes and resulted in liver toxicity by inducing oxidative stress.…”

Evaluation of Rare Earths viewed from the Occupational Health

“…(Palmer et al, 1987). 랫드에 34 mg/kg으로 기관내 투여한 결과에서는 산화란탄 > 산화네오디뮴 > 산화 세륨의 순으로 독성이 높게 나타났고 (Takaya et al, 2005), 마우스에 희토류를 30일간 반복 경구 투여하였 을 때에는 염화세륨 > 염화네오디뮴 > 염화란탄의 순 으로 독성이 높게 나타났다 (Cheng et al, 2014). 해조류 및 식물성장에 있어 희토류의 생체축적 및 부작용이 보고된 반면 (Carpenter et al, 2015), 몇몇 연구에서는 포유동물세포, 해조류 및 미세소기관에 서 희토류와 관련한 촉진 효과가 보고되고 있다 (Jenkins et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2012;Pol et al, 2014;Goecke et al, 2015).…”