Immune cell profile in infants’ lung tissue

Santos, Ângela Batista Gomes dos; Binoki, Daniella; Silva, Luis Fernando F.; Araujo, Bianca; Otter, Irene den; Annoni, Raquel; Tsokos, Michael; Stein, Renato T.; Hiemstra, Pieter S.; Rabe, Klaus F.; Debertin, A. S.; Tschernig, Thomas; Mauad, Thaís

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2013.05.003

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Therefore, peripheral blood T cells (5–10×10 9 in human blood) represent only 2–2.5% of the total T cell complement in the body 19 , and memory T cells represent the predominant T cell subset in mucosal sites, skin, spleen and bone marrow 20 . Early in infancy, T cells are observed to populate the intestines 21 , and lungs 22 , with 20% of these cells in the intestines exhibiting a memory phenotype in newborns 21 , perhaps due to antigens encountered in utero (see later). Recent studies in human tissues (described below) have demonstrated that by the end of puberty, lymphoid tissues, mucosal sites and the skin are populated predominantly by memory T cells, which persist through adult life and represent the most abundant lymphocyte population throughout the body 11,23 .…”

Section: Memory T Cell Accumulation Throughout Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

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Human memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis

2013

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Memory T cells comprise the most abundant lymphocyte population in the body for the majority of one’s lifetime; however, our understanding of memory T cell generation, function and maintenance mainly derives from mouse studies, which cannot recapitulate the decades-long exposure to multiple pathogens that occurs in humans. Here, we review studies focused on human memory T cells that reveal key properties including subset heterogeneity and diverse tissue residence in multiple mucosal and lymphoid tissue sites. We also discuss how the function and adaptability of human memory T cells depend on spatial and temporal compartmentalization.

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Section: Memory T Cell Accumulation Throughout Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…11, and are extrapolated for infants based on Refs. 21, 22. At birth, there is a preponderance of naïve T cells in the circulation, and an abundance of mucosal microbial antigens are encountered during infancy, resulting in seeding of mucosal sites with T EM cells specific for mucosal pathogens, which could develop into T RM cells in situ .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Human memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis

2013

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“…It is relatively difficult to obtain samples from the lower airways of healthy infant subjects, so many studies have been carried out in murine and other animal models. Information on the cellular composition of the neonatal lung in humans has come from analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid composition (46)(47)(48)(49), immunohistochemistry (50), and more recently, extensive phenotypic analysis of leukocyte subsets in pediatric tissues (51)(52)(53).…”

Section: Respiratory Immunity In Early Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fetal airways are essentially devoid of lymphocytes, they are seeded from birth, and lymphocytes increase as a proportion of airway cells over the first few years of life (48,54). There is a relative paucity in CD4+ cells (46,50), and memory T cells are less abundant in infant lungs than in adults, though they are more abundant in the lungs than many other tissues (51). Tregs are relatively abundant in pediatric tissues and may have a higher suppressive capacity than those from adults (28,51) and a transient increase in regulatory T cells, associated with microbial colonization, protects from hyperresponsiveness to allergen (35).…”

Section: Adaptive Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity to Respiratory Infection in Early Life

Lambert

Culley

2017

Front. Immunol.

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Early life is a period of particular susceptibility to respiratory infections and symptoms are frequently more severe in infants than in adults. The neonatal immune system is generally held to be deficient in most compartments; responses to innate stimuli are weak, antigen-presenting cells have poor immunostimulatory activity and adaptive lymphocyte responses are limited, leading to poor immune memory and ineffective vaccine responses. For mucosal surfaces such as the lung, which is continuously exposed to airborne antigen and to potential pathogenic invasion, the ability to discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens is essential, to prevent inflammation that could lead to loss of gaseous exchange and damage to the developing lung tissue. We have only recently begun to define the differences in respiratory immunity in early life and its environmental and developmental influences. The innate immune system may be of relatively greater importance than the adaptive immune system in the neonatal and infant period than later in life, as it does not require specific antigenic experience. A better understanding of what constitutes protective innate immunity in the respiratory tract in this age group and the factors that influence its development should allow us to predict why certain infants are vulnerable to severe respiratory infections, design treatments to accelerate the development of protective immunity, and design age specific adjuvants to better boost immunity to infection in the lung.

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“…The distribution and quantity of DC subsets in LN and lung of human neonates has been minimally explored. In a study from dos Santos et al, airway DC were reported to be very rare in infants (31). In addition, few DC expressed DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin that plays a role in uptake and TLR signaling (31).…”

Section: The Infant Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for the Newborn Following Influenza Virus Infection and Prospects for an Effective Vaccine

Alexander-Miller

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Newborns are at significantly increased risk of severe disease following infection with influenza virus. This is the collective result of their naïve status, altered immune responsiveness, and the lack of a vaccine that is effective in these individuals. Numerous studies have revealed impairments in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system of newborns. The consequence of these alterations is a quantitative and qualitative decrease in both antibody and T cell responses. This review summarizes the hurdles newborns experience in mounting an effective response that can clear influenza virus and limit disease following infection. In addition, the challenges, as well as the opportunities, for developing vaccines that can elicit protective responses in these at risk individuals are discussed.

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Immune cell profile in infants’ lung tissue

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Human memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis

Human memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis

Innate Immunity to Respiratory Infection in Early Life

Challenges for the Newborn Following Influenza Virus Infection and Prospects for an Effective Vaccine

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