II. Reinforcement Theory and the Dynamics of Alcoholism

Conger, John J.

doi:10.15288/qjsa.1956.17.296

Cited by 712 publications

(363 citation statements)

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“…The relationship between anxiety and ethanol has been a matter of considerable controversy. For example, the tension-reduction hypothesis, initially proposed by Conger (1956), predicts that certain individuals who are innately anxious and more sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol may show a higher predisposition for ethanol drinking and abuse (for a review see Greeley & Oei 1999). A significant ethanol CPP has been shown in rats previously selected to be anxious in the elevated plus-maze, but not in the 'non-anxious rats' (Blatt & Takahashi 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

Houchi

Warnault

Barbier

et al. 2008

Genes Brain and Behavior

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We have shown previously that mice lacking the adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) generated on a CD1 background self-administer more ethanol and exhibit hyposensitivity to acute ethanol. We aimed to investigate if the increased propensity of A 2A 2/2 mice to consume ethanol is associated with an altered sensitivity in the motivational properties of ethanol in the conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigms and with an altered development of sensitization to the locomotor effects of ethanol. We also tested their sensitivity to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol. Our results show that A 2A 2/2 mice produced on a CD1 background displayed a reduced ethanol-induced CPP and an increased sensitivity to the anxiolytic and locomotorstimulant effects of ethanol, but they did not show alteration in ethanol-induced CTA and locomotor sensitization. Ethanol-induced CPP, ethanol consumption and the locomotor effects of ethanol were also tested in A 2A 2/2 mice produced on a C57BL/6J background. Our results emphasized the importance of the genetic background because alteration in ethanol consumption and preference, ethanol-induced CPP and locomotor-stimulant effects were not found in knockout mice produced on the alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J genetic background. Finally, the A 2A R agonist, 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenylethylamino-5 0 -N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine hydrochloride (CGS 21680), reduced ethanol consumption and preference in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, A 2A R deficiency in mice generated on a CD1 background leads to high ethanol consumption that is associated with an increased sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulant/anxiolytic effects of ethanol and a decrease in ethanol-induced CPP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

Houchi

Warnault

Barbier

et al. 2008

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…In summary, the findings of the present study are that ethanol, given in the drinking water to mice, provides an anxiolytic effect which is reversed to anxiogenesis on abrupt withdrawal; the anxiogenesis is not associated with the development of motor abnormalities (see Goldstein 1973;Ritzman & Tabakoff 1976;Majchrowicz 1985) and is antagonized by diazepam, tiapride and clonidine. It is interesting to speculate that the development of anxiogenesis following ethanol withdrawal in man may be a primary effect (see also Conger 1956) which contributes to the difficulty in withdrawing ethanol, and that an understanding of the nature of the interaction between diazepam, tiapride, clonidine and ethanol may help to elucidate the perturbation in the system(s) causing anxiogenesis, and may aid in the development of more effective treatments for certain withdrawal symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Actions of Ethanol in a Mouse Model

Costall

Kelly

Naylor

1988

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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The administration to mice of ethanol in the drinking water for 7 days modified exploratory activity (rearings/line crossings) in an anxiety testing box separated into white and black sections with an interconnecting door. During ethanol intake mice exhibited reduced anxiety responding, shown as increased rearings and line crossings in the white section, to which the mice are normally averse, with corresponding decreased behaviour in the black section. When naive mice were presented with a choice between normal drinking water and drinking water containing ethanol, they consumed sufficient of the latter to secure a full anxiolytic response, making up the total volume of fluid required by also drinking the former. A 48 h withdrawal from a 14 day treatment with ethanol caused a reversed profile of exploratory behaviour, directed preferentially at the black section of the test box, and indicative of an anxiogenic response. Diazepam, tiapride or clonidine given twice daily during withdrawal from ethanol could each secure a reduction in the withdrawal anxiogenesis. It is concluded that the simple model of anxiety described in the mouse may be useful for eludicating the mechanisms involved in the anxiolytic and anxiogenic potential of ethanol and may aid the search for novel agents having potential to suppress withdrawal anxiogenesis.

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“…Trauma and PTSD long have been linked to problem alcohol use in older adults (Keane & Wolfe, 1990;Kessler et al, 1996;Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995b). Self-medication models hypothesize that individuals use alcohol to relieve or reduce painful affect states (Conger, 1956;Greeley & Oei, 1999;Khanztian, 1997). At least some data show that PTSD increases the likelihood of alcohol dependence (Breslau, Davis, & Schultz, 2003;Chilcoat & Breslau, 1998;Stewart, 1996), supporting a self-medication model of alcohol use and PTSD.…”

Section: Ptsd and Alcohol Usementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Posttraumatic Stress and Problem Alcohol Involvement in University Academic Performance

Bachrach

Read²

2012

J Clin Psychol

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Objective: The present study examines how Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) during the first year of university affects academic performance and whether alcohol behavior mediates the relationship between PTSD and poor academic outcomes. Method: University students (N = 1,002; 65% female; Mage = 18.11) completed a baseline web survey, and 5 subsequent surveys throughout freshman year assessing variables of interest. Results: Mediation analyses were not significant; however, students who developed PTSD had a lower grade point average and experienced more alcohol consequences by the end of freshman year. Unremitted PTSD and alcohol consequences were associated with leaving university by year’s end. Conclusions: Findings suggest that assessment of trauma-related symptoms and alcohol behavior might benefit interventions aimed at students with academic difficulties.

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II. Reinforcement Theory and the Dynamics of Alcoholism

Cited by 712 publications

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Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

The Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Actions of Ethanol in a Mouse Model

The Role of Posttraumatic Stress and Problem Alcohol Involvement in University Academic Performance

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II. Reinforcement Theory and the Dynamics of Alcoholism

Cited by 712 publications

References 0 publications

Involvement of A2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

Involvement of A2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

The Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Actions of Ethanol in a Mouse Model

The Role of Posttraumatic Stress and Problem Alcohol Involvement in University Academic Performance

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Product

Resources

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Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice

Involvement of A_2A receptors in anxiolytic, locomotor and motivational properties of ethanol in mice