Identifying and Measuring Changes in the Frequency of Event Data

Hayes, Richard E.

doi:10.2307/2600222

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The probability of increased virtual communication with friends and family is constructed following Hayes ( 1973 ), where the frequency of events is dependent on the number of intervals that are Poisson-distributed. Based on the two questions in the survey, “During a typical month prior to March 1, 2020, when COVID-19 began spreading in the United States, how often did you communicate with friends and family by phone, text, email, app, or using the Internet” and “In the past month, how often did you communicate with friends and family by phone, text, email, app, or using the Internet”, we naturally have two-time frames—the first is the one month prior to March and the second is the one month before the field interview.…”

Section: Data Variables and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health, Material Possessions, and Social Capital During COVID-19: A Study of the United States Urban Working-Age Population

Fan

Nie

Wilson

2022

Applied Research Quality Life

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This study evaluates the associations between the urban working-age population’s mental health, material possession, and social capital during the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific stressors examined in this empirical analysis are income level, food insecurity, and virtual psychological support. This paper further examines the differences across the employed and unemployed population groups. We obtained data from the COVID-19 Household Impact Survey and constructed four measures of mental health conditions: Nervous, Depressed, Lonely, and Hopeless. Our empirical analyses use an ordinal regression model that takes both time and regional factors into consideration to control for potential time effects and time-invariant confounders that only vary between regions. For the employed group, the main results suggest that lower income and food insecurity is correlated with a higher frequency of mental health symptoms, while virtual psychological support predicts a better mental health status. For the unemployed group, food insecurity is negatively associated with mental health, and virtual psychological might help alleviate nervousness and depression.

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Section: Data Variables and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health, Material Possessions, and Social Capital During COVID-19: A Study of the United States Urban Working-Age Population

Fan

Nie

Wilson

2022

Applied Research Quality Life

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“…Because more than one permanent member cast vetoes on the same day on several occasions and, more rarely, the same permanent member cast multiple vetoes on the same day, this assumption is subject to violation. To avoid this danger, we follow Hayes's (1973) suggestion by coding the days on which any veto happened as an event occurrence. By using 'veto-days' as our unit of analysis, we reduce the probability of more than one event occurrence falling on any given interval to zero.…”

Section: Poisson Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Power, Satisfaction and Popularity

Chan

2003

Cooperation and Conflict

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Each of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council has the power to veto any proposed resolution, and thus to override the wishes of a majority of the other Council members who support this resolution. Whenever a permanent member casts a veto, it succeeds in its aim to block an unwanted resolution by unilateral action. Satisfaction in achieving this outcome, however, is purchased at a price of unpopularity because, by definition, vetoes frustrate the majority preference. In this article, Poisson probabilities are applied to study the incidence of vetoes cast by the ‘big five’ and, by implication, these states’ relative level of satisfaction and popularity over the past 55 years. The rising resort to this form of assertive unilateralism by the US in recent years presents a serious challenge to the norms of multi-lateral diplomacy in a world dominated by a single superpower.

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“…Simply put, the central system includes those states in addition to the European great powers that play vigorous parts in interstate politics (see Singer and Small, 1972: 22-30). measurement technique proposed by Hayes (1973) and used by Rood and McGowan (1974: 6) in their study of alliance flexibility during the nineteenth century. Simply stated, they calculated the average rate of alliance formation by five-year intervals (m), and then determined the cumulative probability that the observed number of alliances formed in each period (x) was less than m. These probabilities were a measure of changes in the rate of alliance formation: the higher the probability score, the greater the flexibility during the half-decade under study.…”

Section: Index Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%