Identification of β-Glucosidase Activity of L actobacillus plantarum  CRNB22 in Kimchi and Its Potential to Convert Ginsenoside Rb₁ from P anax Ginseng

Abstract

This study involved isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that exhibit β-glucosidase activity from kimchi and examining the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme on saponin. Of the 28 types of LAB found in Korean kimchi that 6 strains exhibited positive β-glucosidase activity based on the esculin iron agar test, only CRNB22 strain was able to hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1. The crude enzyme from this kimchi LAB strain showed strong ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3 and Rg5. This isolated strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum via an API 50 kit and 16S rDNA analysis (99.9% homology) and was therefore named Lactobacillus plantarum CRNB22. The optimum incubation conditions for L. plantarum CRNB22 were found to be 40C at pH 7.0 in de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth. L. plantarum CRNB22 was further identified to be a hetero-fermentative bacterium, producing mostly oxalic and lactic acids after 72 h of incubation in 10% reconstituted skim milk. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFermentation of Panax ginseng can yield many compounds converted from ginsenoside that have various biological functions compared with nonfermented ginseng. These compounds are widely consumed in Korea and Asian countries in the form of extracts, alcohols, candy, fermented liquids and pharmacological products. This present study has shown that a kimchi lactic acid bacteria strain has a strong ability to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into Rg3 and Rg5, and the strain can be used to manufacture yogurts, beverages, cosmetics and other products that are supplemented with ginsenosides. It is expected that the demonstration of healthpromoting functional properties of ginsenoside Rg3 and Rg5 would enhance the growth of the ginseng food industry.

Changes in Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities from Fresh to Fermented Red Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng

“…During a typical lactic acid fermentation, the pH decreases while acidity increases [ 1 , 21 , 22 ]. This finding has also been reported during the lactic acid fermentation of ginseng and/or red ginseng [ 11 , 18 , 23 ], and was corroborated by our results.…”

Identification of β-Glucosidase Activity of Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L and Its Potential to Convert Ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng

“…Leuconostoc mensenteroides WiKim19 and Pediococcus pentosaceus WiKim20 with β-glucosidase activity isolated from kimchi had a greater ability to transform ginsenoside Rb1 into ginsenosides Rg3 and Rg5 than the other strains [ 28 ]. In addition, Lactobacillus plantarum CRNB22 with β-glucosidase activity isolated from kimchi converted ginsenoside Rb1 into ginsenosides Rg3-s, Rg3-r, and Rg5 [ 29 ]. Depending on the enzyme type and experimental conditions, the final conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 was into Rd, Rg3, compound K, and other compounds [ 26 ].…”

Characterization of Paenibacillus sp. MBT213 Isolated from Raw Milk and Its Ability to Convert Ginsenoside Rb1 into Ginsenoside Rd from Panax ginseng

“…Under the above optimal conditions for 14 d, 3.794±0.061 mg/mL of ginsenoside Rb 1 was fully hydrolyzed by crude enzyme of strain MBT213, and was released 0.110±0.01 mg/mL ginsenoside Rd ( Table 2 ). On the other hand, in a study of isolation of Lactobacillus plantarum CRNB22 and its screening of LAB exhibiting β-glucosidase activity from Kimchi ( Renchinkhand et al , 2015 ), observed that ginsenoside Rb 1 was hydrolyzed under optimum condition (pH 6.0 or 7.0 at 35°C) for 7 d. In addition, under these optimal conditions, the crude enzyme obtained from CRNB22 converted the ginsenoside Rb 1 to Rg 3 (epimer S/R) and Rg 5 . After 7 d of hydrolysis, ginsenoside Rb 1 was decreased from 1.019 mg to 0.773 mg, and then converted to 0.135 mg Rg 3 -S, 0.038 mg Rg 3 -R, and 0.072 mg Rg 5 .…”

“…Of these methods, enzymatic conversion is the most desirable one for production of particular ginsenosides ( Kim et al , 2005 ). β-glucosidase produced by various microorganisms such as Lactobacillus plantarum CRNB22 ( Renchinkhand et al , 2015 ), Enterococcus faecalis CRNB-A3 ( Renchinkhand et al , 2016 ) and Microbacterium sp. ( Cheng et al , 2008 ) has been used for the production of biotransfomed ginsenosides.…”