Identification of Urinary Stone Components by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Abstract

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used for the first time to study the composition of calcium oxalate (CaOxa) stones and uric acid stones. This technique allows for the identification and location of various inorganic and organic species at the same time. In CaOxa stones, there were less than 10% of phosphates. Sectional analyses of these stones indicated that the content of phosphorus in the stone center is higher than that in stone crust. In uric acid stones, CaOxa was rarely found. XPS is able to detect differences in chemical functionality. In uric acid stones, the binding energy (E b ) for nitrogen atoms were about 399.5 + 0.2 eV, which are largely characteristic of organic nitrogens 633 N (23). In comparison, the E b values of N (þ5) in inorganic compounds are about 401 eV.

Simultaneous formation of calcium oxalate (mono-, di-, and trihydrate) induced by potassium tartrate in gelatinous system

“…COM and COD are the major components of most urinary calculi. COT has been rarely found in urine and in kidney stones, but it might be important as a possible precursor in their formation [3].…”

An antimicrobial impregnated urinary catheter that reduces mineral encrustation and prevents colonisation by multi-drug resistant organisms for up to 12 weeks

“…The catheter spectra discussed herein are all for materials exposed to AU and, therefore, are likely to have some coverage of biofilm or encrustation, and most of the N 1s signal is likely to come from that. In all four samples, the N1s peak consists of a low binding energy at approximately 400 eV consistent with ureic acid and a higher binding energy at approximately 402 eV, which can be attributed to several possible forms of polymeric nitrogen [29]. The peak positions observed exclude the possibility of nitride and nitrate forms, which would be at lower and higher binding energies, respectively, than the observed peaks.…”

TOF‐SIMS VG Ionex IX23LS: upgrade and application for the urinary stones analysis

“…Currently, several chemical and physical techniques are available for the investigation and routine analysis of urinary stones. These techniques include wet/dry chemical methods although obsolete but still practiced, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction, SEM, laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal decomposition, X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, and micro‐computed tomography . However, only Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction are the methods recommended by the European Association of Urology (2011), although, these techniques have also some limitations, which are beyond the scope of the present study.…”