Identification of Contamination Sources and TDS Concentration in Groundwater of Second Biggest City of Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract-The importance of fresh water for human health has no doubt, even for other uses its quality must be contain standard composition. In developing countries groundwater contamination come from various sources which contains very complicated toxics elements such as landfills, waste water drains, river, industrial and agriculture sectors. Due to lack of management resources, policies and enforcement of environmental laws properly are making groundwater system unsuitable for general public. Lahore, second largest city of Pakistan has been facing similar issues. Current study is to investigate present groundwater contamination sources and describes TDS concentration in various parts of study area. Landfill leachate, drain water, River water and groundwater chemical analysis data is used to indentify TDS potential level in groundwater system. 36% groundwater samples have high concentration level then Pakistan Quality Control Authority (PSQCA), while 1.5% is exceeded from WHO standards for drinking water. TDS higher level is alarming for consumers and with time its potential will be higher. According to 2010 groundwater chemical analysis data most areas have suitable zones for drinking purpose; however, there is high risk of continuous contamination. Finally, this study identifies highly contaminated groundwater and makes convenient to find out actual pollutants. Therefore, practical strategies are needed to protect aquifer.

Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City

“…According to the 2017 census, Lahore's total population is 11.13 million, with a land area of about 1772.43 km 2 36 . It is situated in the Punjab province between latitudes 31° 20′ and 31° 50′ N and longitudes 74° 05′ and 74° 37′ E 43 , 44 . Around 82% of the population resides in the city, and the remaining 18% lives in the rural areas around the city 45 .…”

Estimation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Groundwater of Selected Area From Al-Dhalia Directorate, Al-Dhalia Gov., Yemen

“…1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 is likely due to the wastewater and domestic sewage since these samples locate at Al-Dhalia city. High TDS is due to the presence of HCO3 -, CO3 2-, SO4 2-, Cland Ca 2+ , which may originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial wastewater and, TDS can also be derived from chemicals used in the water treatment process and from pipes or other hardware used in the plumbing [19].…”

A Retrospective and Prospective Overview of the Developmental Trends of Environmental Laws in Pakistan.

“…Many Pakistan produced local products have been rejected on the grounds that they were not made through properly designated sustainable materials and practices. Major trading routes of the Commonwealth, EU and Middle East not have requirements of sustainability as well as quality of a product to ensure business in the long term will not damage the environment (Akhtar, 2013). Recent arguments against environmental protecting revolve around the notion that economic and environmental growth cannot occur at the same time.…”