Identification and Immunohistochemical Localization of Protein Precursors to Human Axillary Odors in Apocrine Glands and Secretions

Spielman, Andrew I.; Sunavala, Gulshan; Harmony, Judith A.K.; Stuart, William D.; Leyden, James J.; Turner, Gloria E.; Vowels, Benjamin R.; Lam, James C.W.; Yang, Shinjun; Preti, George

doi:10.1001/archderm.134.7.813

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The findings also demonstrate that odorant molecules, like 3M2H, are still able to reach the skin's surface. Preti and Leyden (2010) noted that research groups examining the influence of ABCC11 had failed to consider the influence of the lipocalin-type proteins, namely apocrine apolipoprotein D (ApoD) (Spielman et al 1998; Zeng et al 1996a). Quantitative measures of this protein in both axillary and apocrine secretions demonstrate that it is present in Asian populations, albeit at significantly lower concentrations than in Caucasians or African-Americans (Jacoby et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production

et al. 2015

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Previous findings from our laboratory highlighted marked ethnic differences in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cerumen among individuals of Caucasian, East Asian, and African-American descent, based, in part, on genetic differences in a gene that codes for a transport protein, which is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, sub-family C, member 11 (ABCC11). In the current work, we hypothesized that axillary odorants produced by East Asians would differ markedly from those obtained from individuals of European or African descent based on the pattern of ethnic diversity that exists in ABCC11. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) we examined differences in axillary odorant VOCs among 30 individuals of African-American, Caucasian, and East Asian descent with respect to their ABCC11 genotype. While no qualitative differences in the type of axillary odorants were observed across ethnic groups, we found that characteristic axillary odorants varied quantitatively with respect to ethnic origin. We propose that ABCC11 is not solely responsible for predicting the relative amounts of volatiles found in axillary secretions and that other biochemical pathways must be involved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production

et al. 2015

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“…Apocrine secretion collections were made possible by injecting epinephrine, as we have reported previously. [10,32] The secretions were collected into 10 µl pipettes and were placed in individual 0.2 ml conical-shaped vials that had been pre-cooled to 0 °C. Each donor's secretions were individually stored at -10 °C until used as described below.…”

Section: Collection Of Apocrine Secretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross‐adaptation of a model human stress‐related odour with fragrance chemicals and ethyl esters of axillary odorants: gender‐specific effects

Wysocki

Louie

Leyden

et al. 2009

Flavour & Fragrance J

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ABSTRACT:The human axillae have a characteristic odour that is comprised of or generated from a mixture of C 6 -C 11 normal, branched, hydroxy-and unsaturated acids (and other compounds). We used ethyl esters of one of these acids and a palette of fragrance compounds (tested individually) to evaluate the effectiveness of these chemicals to reduce the overall olfactory impact of a model of human stress-related odour (SRO) by cross-adaptation (adaptation to one odorant can reduce sensitivity to other odorants). Sensory volunteers provided hedonic and intensity ratings of the SRO and of each of the potential crossadapting agents prior to 2.5 min of induced olfactory adaptation to each agent. Across adaptation, possible cross-adaptation was evaluated by intermittent evaluations of the perceived intensity of the SRO. We determined that some potential crossadapting agents did reduce the impact of the SRO; however, the same chemicals were not necessarily effective for male and female SRO. Indeed, the list of effective chemicals depended upon the gender of the donor of the SRO and the gender of the sensory volunteer, suggesting a gender-specific response to both the SRO-stimuli used and the fragrance chemicals used to cross-adapt it.

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“…The characteristic axillary odor is formed from the interaction of odorless (water-soluble) precursor molecules found in apocrine secretion with the cutaneous axillary microorganisms (Labows et al, 1982;Zeng et al, 1992). In addition, it has been demonstrated that the 3M2H is carried to the skin surface bound to two proteins that have been designated apocrine secretion odor-binding proteins: ASOB1, apparent molecular weight 45 kDa, and ASOB2, apparent molecular weight 26 kDa (Spielman et al, 1995(Spielman et al, , 1998. The polypeptide chain of ASOB2 is identical to apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a known member of the lipocalin proteins.…”

Section: Source and Signal: Axillary Chemistry And Pheromone Creationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones

2004

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Among primates in general, pheromones are of variable importance to social communication. Data on humans have generated the greatest controversy regarding the existence of pheromonal communication. In this review, the likelihood of pheromonal communication in humans is assessed with a discussion of chemical compounds produced by the axilla that may function as pheromones; the likelihood that the vomeronasal organ (VNO), a putative pheromone receptor organ in many other mammals, is functional in humans; and the possible ways pheromones operate in humans. In the human axilla, the interactions between the cutaneous microflora and axillary secretions render this region analogous to scent glands found in other primates. Both the chemistry of axillary secretions and their effects on conspecifics in humans appear to be analogous to other mammalian pheromone systems. Whichever chemical compounds serve a pheromonal function in humans, another unknown is the receptor. Although the VNO has been implicated in the reception of pheromones in many vertebrates, it is not the only pathway through which such information has access to the central nervous system; there is ample evidence to support the view that the olfactory epithelium can respond to pheromones. Furthermore, if a chemical activates receptors within the VNO, this does not necessarily mean that the compound is a pheromone. An important caveat for humans is that critical components typically found within the functioning VNO of other, nonprimate, mammals are lacking, suggesting that the human VNO does not function in the way that has been described for other mammals. In a broader perspective, pheromones can be classified as primers, signalers, modulators, and releasers. There is good evidence to support the presence of the former three in humans. Examples include affects on the menstrual cycle (primer effects); olfactory recognition of newborn by its mother (signaler); individuals may exude different odors based on mood (suggestive of modulator effects). However, there is no good evidence for releaser effects in adult humans. It is emphasized that no bioassay-guided study has led to the isolation of true human pheromones, a step that will elucidate specific functions to human chemical signals.

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Identification and Immunohistochemical Localization of Protein Precursors to Human Axillary Odors in Apocrine Glands and Secretions

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production

The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production

Cross‐adaptation of a model human stress‐related odour with fragrance chemicals and ethyl esters of axillary odorants: gender‐specific effects

Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones

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