Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ to grapevine

Quaglino, F.; Sanna, Francesco; Moussa, Abdelhameed; Faccincani, Monica; Passera, Alessandro; Casati, P.; Bianco, P.A.; Mori, Nicola

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56076-9

Cited by 44 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…It is interesting to note that three insect species, recently identified as alternative vectors of CaPsol to grapevine (Phylaenus spumarius (L.), Psammotettix spp., and Dictyophara europaea (L.)), were found during the survey on Auchenorrhyncha carried out in the vineyard in Greve in Chianti. In detail, transmission trials demonstrated that such insects are able to vector to grapevine CaPsol carrying the sequence variant St5 [12]. Moreover, based on the preliminary results obtained in this study about the weeds, the absence of St5 and St18 CaPsol strains in the examined weeds can suggest that other insect vectors could be able to acquire and transmit CaPsol using the infected vines as phytoplasma source.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…In the last few years, numerous studies revealed that the BN epidemiology is more complex than previously postulated, reporting new relevant plant reservoirs (Vitex agnus-castus L. and Crepis foetida L.) for the known CaPsol vectors, and identifying some of the unknown alternative vectors [7,8,12]. Here, a new BN epidemiological pattern (grapevine-Rq-weeds) related to St10 CaPsol strains and milder symptoms is proposed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Recently, typing of CaPsol strains using different molecular markers improved the knowledge of BN spreading, highlighting the crucial role of Vitex agnus-castus L. and Crepis foetida L. as the main CaPsol source plants for H. obsoletus [7,8], and proposing the involvement of other weeds and insects in BN epidemiology [9,10]. Moreover, combining field surveys, phytoplasma molecular characterization and transmission trials, Reptalus panzeri (Löw) was reported as a natural vector of CaPsol in Serbian vineyards [11], and another eight alternative vectors of CaPsol to grapevine (Aphrodes makarovi Zachvatkin, Dicranotropis hamata (Boheman), Dictyophara europaea (L.), Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum), Euscelidius variegatus (Kirschbaum), Laodelphax striatella (Fallen), Philaenus spumarius (L.), and Psammotettix alienus/confinis (Dahlbom)) were identified in northern Italy [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany

et al. 2020

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Bois noir (BN), associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (CaPsol), is the most widespread disease of the grapevine yellows complex worldwide. In this work, BN epidemiology was investigated in a case study vineyard where an unusual CaPsol strain, previously detected only in other host plants, was found to be prevalent in grapevine. Experimental activities included: symptom observation; sampling of symptomatic vines, Auchenorrhyncha specimens, and weeds; molecular detection and typing of CaPsol strains; statistical analyses for determining possible relationships between CaPsol relative concentration, strain type, and symptom severity. Among insects, Reptalus quinquecostatus was the most abundant and was found to be highly infected by CaPsol, while Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main CaPsol vector, was not caught. Moreover, R. quinquecostatus harbored CaPsol strains carrying uniquely the stamp sequence variant St10, also identified as prevalent in vines and in the majority of weeds, and all the secY variants identified in the vineyard. Statistical analyses revealed that CaPsol strains carrying the St10 variant are not associated with severe symptoms, suggesting their possible moderate virulence. Based on such evidence, a new BN epidemiological pattern related to these CaPsol strains and involving grapevine, R. quinquecostatus, and/or weeds is proposed. Furthermore, the possible presence of other players (vectors and weeds) involved in CaPsol transmission to grapevines was highlighted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany

et al. 2020

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“…Indeed, the positions of the infected grapevines confirmed a natural source of inoculum and the activity of potential vectors in spreading BN in this vineyard. Recently, Quaglino et al 54 identified new 'Ca. P. solani' vectors to grapevines, and they hypothized, in Northen Italian pedoclimatic conditions, the spreading of phytoplasma to vineyard boarders through H. obsoletus and its further transmission within the vineyard by the feeding activity of the alternative vectors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery

Murolo

Garbarino

Mancini

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Bois noir (Bn) is the most important phytoplasma disease of euro-Mediterranean area and induces severe loss of production and even the death of vines. Understanding the delicate balance between disease progression and recovery of Bn infected plants over space and time is crucial to set up management tools. the data collected and analysed allowed to provide insights into dispersal pattern of the disease, caused by'Candidatus phytoplasma solani'. point pattern analysis (ppA) was applied to assess the spatial arrangement of symptomatic plants and the spatial correlation of disease levels in four vineyards. for spatio-temporal patterns of Bn, a mark-correlation function was applied. Spacetime PPA over multiple years (2011-2015) provided graphical visualisation of grapevines more severely affected by BN along the borders of the vineyards, mainly in 2011 when disease incidence was high. PPA across the symptomatic plants in the four vineyards confirmed this visual trend: an overall aggregated pattern at small (<10 m) spatial scales (2013) that were more evident later at all spatial scales (0-15 m). Application of this innovative spatial approach based on point and surface pattern analyses allowed the spread and severity of BN to be monitored, to define the dispersal routes of the pathogen. Such data will contribute to better understand the distribution of symptomatic plants over space and time and to define a model for preventive strategies to reduce future infections. Bois noir (BN) is one of the most important grapevine yellows in Europe 1 and phytoplasma related to 'stolbur group' are today emergent threats for the grapevine cultivation and for vegetable crops in South and East Asia 2,3. BN is generally considered less epidemic than Flavescence dorée (FD), although it is more difficult to manage, because no direct means are available for the pathogen and the main vectors 4. Over recent decades, frequent BN outbreaks have been recorded in the main viticultural areas 3,5-9 , which have led to dramatic losses in grape quality and quantity, most of all for highly susceptible grapevine cultivars such as 'Chardonnay' 1,10,11. The causal agent of BN is a phytoplasma that belongs to the stolbur group (16SrXII-A subgroup) and has been assigned to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' ('Ca. P. solani') 12. It is transmitted mainly by the polyphagous planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Sign., 1865, Hemiptera: Cixiidae) to a wide range of wild plants, such as Convolvulus arvensis, Calystegia sepium, Urtica dioica 13. However, several weeds were reported as hosts of 'Ca. P. solani' within and around infected vineyards and can therefore play a key role in the BN spreading 8,14-18. Thus, all of these hosts represent potential inoculum sources, while for grapevines, the occasional infections by H. obsoletus represent dead-end hosts for the stolbur phytoplasma. BN symptoms include abnormal lignification of canes, short internodes, flower abortion, and curling and discoloration of leaves, with intervein yellowing or reddening 1,10. These are ...

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“…Flavescence dorée phytoplasma is the causal agent of flavescence dorée and is one of the most important grapevine yellows diseases in the main viticultural areas of Europe. It has a highly speciesspecific vector, Scaphoideus titanus (Chuche and Thiéry, 2014;Quaglino et al, 2019).…”

Section: Synonyms: Not Applicable Eppo Code: Phyp64mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest survey card on flavescence dorée phytoplasma and its vector Scaphoideus titanus

Tramontini¹,

Delbianco²,

Vos³

2020

EFS3

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This pest survey card was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M2017‐0137) at the request of the European Commission. Its purpose is to guide the Member States in preparing data and information for Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) and its vector Scaphoideus titanus that are required to design statistically sound and risk‐based surveys, in line with current international standards. Flavescence dorée phytoplasmais a Union quarantine pest known to occur only in Europe, whereas its main vector S. titanus is a monophagous leaf hopper that has been introduced into the EU and is not regulatedin the EU. Both FDp and S. titanus are currently present in most of the main grape‐growing EU Member States. The alternative hosts and other putative vectors of FDp play a secondary role in the epidemics. Spread of FDp in the EU can occur mainly through the internal movement of plants for planting of grapevine and the spread of infected vectors. Detection surveys for both FDp and S. titanusshould focus on commercial and productive vineyards and nurseries, wherever present in the EU, while in the event of an outbreak, delimiting surveys should extend to the wild and American Vitis spp. plants that can be found in abandoned vineyards, in the wild or grown in backyards and gardens, and that can have a crucial role in primary infections. IfS. titanus is present in an FDp outbreak area, the delimiting survey could be extended to occasional vectors of FDp and alternative hosts in order to also consider the spread of FDp from those reservoirs. Visual inspections are effective for identifying the vector but not for FDp, which requires confirmation by molecular methods.

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Identification and ecology of alternative insect vectors of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ to grapevine

Cited by 44 publications

References 45 publications

Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany

Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany

Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery

Pest survey card on flavescence dorée phytoplasma and its vector Scaphoideus titanus

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