“…Although most studies treat identification as a general connection to the in-group and operationalize it as a one-dimensional construct (Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2013;Reysen, Katzarska-Miller, Nesbit, & Pierce, 2013;Wachelke, 2012), this approach seems to be inadequate conceptually and empirically (for reviews, see Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004;Leach et al, 2008;Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, & Chavous, 1998). As a solution, some studies have identified components of in-group identification such as "self-categorization," "affective commitment," and "centrality" (e.g., Cameron, 2004;Ellemers, Kortekaas, & Ouwerkerk, 1999;Jackson, 2002;Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).…”