Ice‐Ice disease: An environmentally and microbiologically driven syndrome in tropical seaweed aquaculture

Ward, Georgia M.; Kambey, Cicilia S. B.; Faisan, Joseph P.; Tan, Pui-Ling; Daumich, Caroline; Matoju, Ivy; Stentiford, Grant D.; Bass, David; Lim, Phaik-Eem; Brodie, Juliet; Poong, Sze-Wan

doi:10.1111/raq.12606

Cited by 43 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…One example of a disease that affects the growth of seaweeds is the ice-ice disease. The disease is typically caused by environmental stresses that make the thallus vulnerable to disease-causing opportunistic bacteria, resulting in bleaching of the thallus followed by disintegration of affected tissues (Ward et al 2022). The bacteria Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas, and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium complex, have been linked to ice-ice disease in infected seaweeds (Ward et al 2020).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Jiksing¹,

Ongkudon²,

Thien³

et al. 2022

Algae

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Modern seaweed farming relies heavily on seedlings from natural beds or vegetative cuttings from previous harvests. However, this farming method has some disadvantages, such as physiological variation in the seed stock and decreased genetic variability, which reduces the growth rate, carrageenan yield, and gel strength of the seaweeds. A new method of seedling production that is sustainable, scalable, and produces a large number of high-quality plantlets is needed to support the seaweed farming industry. Recent use of tissue culture and micropropagation techniques in eucheumatoid seaweed production has yielded promising results in increasing seed supply and growing uniform seedlings in large numbers in a shorter time. Several seaweed species have been successfully cultured and regenerated into new plantlets in laboratories using direct regeneration, callus culture, and protoplast culture. The use of biostimulants and plant growth regulators in culture media increases the seedling quality even further. Seedlings produced by micropropagation grew faster and had better biochemical properties than conventionally cultivated seedlings. Before being transferred to a land-based grow-out system or ocean nets for farming, tissue-cultured seedlings were recommended to undergo an acclimatization process to increase their survival rate. Regular monitoring is needed to prevent disease and pest infestations and grazing by herbivorous fish and turtles during the farming process. The current review discusses recent techniques for producing eucheumatoid and other valuable seaweed farming materials, emphasizing the efficiency of micropropagation and the transition from laboratory culture to cultivation in land-based or open-sea grow-out systems to elucidate optimal conditions for sustainable seaweed production.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Jiksing¹,

Ongkudon²,

Thien³

et al. 2022

Algae

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“…Another problem that hinders eucheumatoid production is the occurrence of ice-ice disease (Ward et al, 2022), which is typically characterized by the appearance of soft and white portions on the infected branches (Tahiluddin and Terzi, 2021a;. This disease is brought about by fluctuations of environmental parameters like light intensity, salinity, and temperature resulting in stress on the seaweeds, thus weakening its immune defense system against harmful bacteria Cytophaga-Flavobacterium and Vibrio-Aeromonas (Largo et al 1995a and1995b;Tahiluddin and Terzi, 2021a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Brown Seaweed Extracts as Bio-fertilizers and their Effects on the Carrageenan Yield, Ice-ice Disease Occurrence, and Growth Rate of the Red Seaweed Kappaphycus striatus

Tahiluddin

IRIN

JUMADIL

et al. 2022

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi

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Kappaphycus striatus is one of the most important eucheumatoid species that is widely farmed worldwide. In the southern Philippines, where the initial farm was established, sluggish growth of farmed Kappaphycus species brought about by the poor quality of planting materials and extensive farming resulting in unproductive farms and frequent ice-ice outbreaks have been a hindrance in increasing the seaweed production. As a result, farmers have led to the application of inorganic fertilizers as nutrient enrichment for Kappaphycus. However, inorganic or chemical fertilizers always pose negative impacts on the environment. Hence, in this study, a preliminary investigation on the potential use of extracts of brown seaweeds Sargassum cristaefolium and Turbinaria conoides as bio-fertilizers was tested on K. striatus for their growth rate, carrageenan yield, and ice-ice disease occurrence. Seaweed liquid extracts (SLE): S. cristaefolium (SC), T. conoides (TC), combination of SC and TC (MX), and control (C) were utilized as bio-fertilizers for K. striatus. SLE-enriched K. striatus seedlings were cultivated in a seaweed farm using the fixed-off bottom method for 45 days. Results revealed that the specific growth rates of all SLE treatments were significantly higher than no SLE treatment at day 45. The percentage of ice-ice disease and the yield of carrageenan did not differ among treatments. Enrichment of K. striatus using SLE of two selected brown seaweeds before out-planting could improve growth rates while not affecting the ice-ice disease occurrence and carrageenan yield. Hence, formulated SLE from brown seaweeds S. cristaefolium and T. conoides can be used as potential bio-fertilizers for Kappaphycus cultivation.

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“…One of the efforts to improve the seaweed resilience against ice-ice disease is through a technology approach using genetic manipulation with the transformation of potential genes that can increase the resilience and improve seaweed genes [1]. K.alvarezii and Euceuma spinosum are the kinds of algae that can absorb heavy metals [2] but at a certain concentration, these algae tissues are not capable of surviving. Toxicity of heavy metals such as Al will cause a change in cell structure which can reduce starch (starch granule) number in the nucleoplasm, segmented cell nucleus, the presence of chromosome condensation in the nucleus, and the damage to the plasmatic membrane [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed resulting from the transformation of the PaCs gene (Citrate Synthase) to increase resistance to environmental congestion in floating net cages in Pangkep water

Suryati

Tenriulo²,

Rosmiati³

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The PaCs (Citrate Synthase) gene of the seaweed K. alvarezii has effectively undergone in vitro transformation. To improve the survival of the transformation of the Citrate Synthase seaweed gene, it is carried out: (1) Regeneration of the results of transformation in culture chamber in the laboratory; (2) Acclimatization in green net (MS 100 μm) size 50x50x50 cm, density 200 explants maintained for 2 weeks, transferred to the blue net with a size of 50x50x50 cm (MS 200 μm) density 200 explants maintained for 4 weeks, then maintenance by the longline method using a double rope with a distance of 15 Cm on floating net cages. At intervals of two weeks, measurements of size, length, and water quality are made. Analysis of PaCs gene integration with PCR using Primary PaCS-F and PaCS-R. The results showed that the long DGR in the culture chamber was 0.11% to 0.18%/day, weight growth rate 0.62-1.30%/day, Acclimatization on green nets indicates a long growth rate of 2.28-2.3%/day, weight grow rate of 0.62 to 1.3% / day, and on blue nets, increases long grow rate 3-5%/day and weight 1.15-2.18%/day. Seaweed enlargement using the longline method shows a long growth rate of 5.3-9%/day and weight growth range from 1,23-3.2%/day. The band was located in the CaMV 35S vector at a place corresponding to the 1630 bp PaCS-F and PaCS-R promoter segments, according to the results of the integration of the Citrate Synthase gene in seaweed. Based on these findings, the seaweed K. alvarezii has successfully received the PaCS gene insertion.

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Ice‐Ice disease: An environmentally and microbiologically driven syndrome in tropical seaweed aquaculture

Cited by 43 publications

References 149 publications

Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Use of Brown Seaweed Extracts as Bio-fertilizers and their Effects on the Carrageenan Yield, Ice-ice Disease Occurrence, and Growth Rate of the Red Seaweed Kappaphycus striatus

Regeneration of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed resulting from the transformation of the PaCs gene (Citrate Synthase) to increase resistance to environmental congestion in floating net cages in Pangkep water

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