uber die Respiration der Pflanzen. Mimchen, 1850. For accounts of van Helmont's hfe and work: Kopp. H., Geschichte der Chemie. 1843, I, p 117Mevlv f891 p 7Z'°"'^" '''"""^°^Chemistry. Translated by G. McGowan LondonTHE ORIGIN OF ORGANIC MATTER l5 of our knowledge of photosynthesis. Priestley had noticed that plants confined in an atmosphere rich in fixed air (carbon dioxide) produced in the course of several days large quantities of dephlogisticated air (oxygen).Priestley explained the i)henomenon as caused by the growth of the plants. About the same time Scheele, working in Sweden, occupied himself with the same subject. He arrived at results which were quite the opposite to those of Priestley. While Priestley's plants improved the air with oxygen, Scheele's plants produced carbon dioxide. As we now know, the cause of this contradiction lay in the fact that neither Priestley nor Scheele realized clearly under what external conditions the plant emitted carbon dioxide and when it emitted oxygen. Priestley industriously repeated his investigations but became confused through the irregular outcome of his experiments.In 1768 Jean Ingen-Housz, a Dutch physician, who had been studying vaccination against small-pox in London, was called to Vienna to combat this disease which was raging in that city and had claimed many victims from the royal family. Ingen-Housz had wide scientific interests and knowledge. It was through reading the address of Pringle on Priestley's discoveries, which has already been referred to, that Ingen-Housz became filled with the desire to repeat the experiments on the production of oxygen by plants.Through his successes with vaccination he soon won the favor of the Empress Maria Theresa and was finally given an annuity from the state which permitted him to follow his own scientific investigations. Ingen-Housz was at first primarily interested in the influence of foul and pure air on the health of man. The discoveries of Priestley, already referred to, served as a great stimulus to his studies and were the beginning of his fundamental discoveries. Thus, in the preface to his "Experiments upon Vegetables" (1779) he wrote: "The discovery of Dr. Priestley that plants thrive better in foul air than in common and in dephlogisticated air, and that plants have a power of correcting bad air, has thrown a new and important light upon the arrangements of this world. It shews . . -that the air, spoiled and rendered noxious to animals by their breathing in it, serves to plants as a kind of nourishment."Ingen-Housz was much more fortunate in his experimentation than either Priestley or Scheele. He soon saw that the mere growth of a plant had nothing to do with the purification of the air. His experiments are masterpieces of manipulation and self-criticism. It should be remembered that this was before Lavoisier had established the nature of combustion.Step by step Ingen-Housz approached the correct interpretation of the phenomenon. The plants were able to purify bad air in a few hours when subjected to sunlight....

Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan salah satu rumput laut merah yang bernilaiekonomis penting. Ice-ice merupakan penyakit yang paling umum menyerang rumput laut dan menyebabkan menurunnya produksi rumput laut. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh perubahan salinitas, suhu, dan pencemaran logam berat. Asam sitrat digunakan sebagai pengkelat logam berat. Introduksi gen sitrat sintase ke dalam genom tanaman diketahui dapat mengurangi cekaman oksidatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintroduksi gen sitrat sintase ke dalam genom K. alvarezii menggunakan perantara Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Berdasarkan eksplan yang tahan pada media seleksi higromisin, efisiensi transformasi pada K. alvarezii sebesar 7,5%. Efisiensi regenerasi tunas transgenik putatif sebesar 100%, efisiensi tunas non transgenik sebesar 100%. Analisis molekular menggunakan teknik PCR, satu dari lima K. alvarezii transgenik putatif mengandung transgen PaCS di bawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV.

ABSTRAKKappaphycus alvarezii adalah jenis alga merah yang memproduksi kappa karagenan yang sangat penting untuk industri makanan, farmasi, dan kosmetik. Untuk meningkatkan produksi, diperlukan ketersediaan bahan baku yang baik. Salah satu yang memengaruhi ketersediaan bahan baku adalah kondisi lingkungan perairan untuk budidaya. Metallothionein (MT) adalah protein yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mengikat ion logam seperti Cd, Zn, dan Cu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengintroduksi gen Metallothionein Tipe II (MaMt2) ke dalam genom K. alvarezii menggunakan Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Talus rumput laut diinokulasi dengan A. tumefaciens mengandung plasmid pIG6-SMt2 yang membawa gen MaMt2, selanjutnya dilakukan seleksi bertingkat menggunakan higromisin 10 mg/L dan 20 mg/L. Hasil efisiensi transformasi yang diperoleh adalah 27,4%, efisiensi regenerasi tunas transgenik adalah 27,6%. Analisis molekuler dengan PCR menunjukkan bahwa 13 tunas transgenik mengandung gen MaMt2. Tunas transgenik putatif ditumbuhkan hingga menjadi talus baru dan dapat dilakukan uji tantang pada penelitian selanjutnya.

Water from shrimp aquaculture ponds was circulated through a mangrove woodlot, oyster beds, and seaweed ponds in biofilter experiments designed to reduce environmental loads. Though the nutrient concentrations in the shrimp culture ponds were lower than those in the other ponds in many cases, the Chl. a concentration increased explosively in shrimp ponds and exceeded 160 μg/L. These results suggested that nutrients were used for the growth of phytoplankton. The Chl. a concentration was very low in the oyster pond, and it was suggested that oyster feed actively on phytoplankton. Ammonia was always lower in the seaweed ponds than in the oyster ponds, which suggested that seaweed took up ammonia. From the nitrogen budget, 27% of nitrogen in supplied feed was incorporated into shrimp, 32% was flowed to mangrove, oyster and seaweed ponds and removed with these biofilters, and 9% was added in the aquaculture system as dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen. Therefore, this aquaculture system using mangroves, oyster and seaweed as biofilters was thought to be effective to reduce the environmental load.

ABSTRAKRegenerasi rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dilakukan dalam rangka penyediaan benih yang bermutu dan mempunyai keunggulan melalui induksi kalus dan embrio dengan penambahan hormon pertumbuhan yang diintroduksi ke dalam media kultur yang dapat memacu induksi kalus dan penebalan pigmen rumput laut. Media kultur yang digunakan adalah media Conwy padat dengan penambahan agar 0,8%-1,6%. Hormon perangsang tumbuh yang digunakan untuk memacu pertumbuhan kalus dan filamen embrio yaitu IAA (Indol acetic acid), kinetin, dan auxilin dengan konsentrasi berkisar 0,4-1 mg/L. Embrio yang dihasilkan merupakan anakan yang mempunyai sifat yang sama dengan induknya. Sintasan dan perkembangan embrio yang paling baik yaitu dengan penambahan IAA dengan konsentrasi 0,4 mg/L pada media padat. Pembentukan anakan dilakukan dengan mengiris embrio dan menumbuhkan pada media cair yang diperkaya dengan hormon yang sama. Pemeliharaan anakan pada media kultur dilakukan hingga mencapai ukuran 2-3 cm.

Karakterisasi genetika rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui variasi genetika rumput laut K. alvarezii dari beberapa lokasi budi daya di Sulawesi Selatan yakni Polmas, Pinrang, Takalar, dan Bantaeng. Sampel dipreservasi dengan menggunakan larutan TNES-Urea sebelum ekstraksi DNA. Ekstraksi genom DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode konvensional fenol-khloroform. Amplifikasi DNA dilakukan dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Untuk dokumentasi riset, hasil PCR dielektroforesis pada agarosa gel dengan menggunakan buffer TBE. Data dianalisis menggunakan program Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TFPGA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelima “primers” (P-40, P-50, DALRP, Ca01, dan Ca-02) yang digunakan dapat menghasilkan beberapa fragmen spesifik yang mengindikasikan fragmen spesifik spesies dan lokasi budi daya K. alvarezii. Keragaan genetika intra dan inter lokasi rumput laut menunjukkan variasi yang relatif kecil yang ditandai dengan rendahnya perbedaan jumlah/ukuran fragmen DNA, polimorfisme, indeks similaritas, dan jarak genetikanya. Total fragmen yang didapatkan dari lima primer adalah 47—55 pada ukuran fragmen 175—2.600 bp, sedangkan polimorfisme dan indeks similaritas masing-masing adalah 3,6%—31,0% dan 0,79%—0,99%. Jarak genetika antar beberapa lokasi K. alvarezii berkisar antara 0,1758—0,5689 di mana kekerabatan yang terdekat didapatkan antara Takalar dan Bantaeng.Genetic characterization of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii was observed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique to reveal the genetic variability of seaweed from different locations in South Sulawesi. The sample of farmed seaweed K. alvarezii was collected from Polmas, Pinrang, Takalar, and Bantaeng. Genomic DNA was extracted by using the conventional method of phenol-chloroform. Sample was preserved by TNES-Urea buffer prior to DNA extraction. DNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. DNA Fragment was documented by gel electrophoresis using TBE buffer. The data was analyzed by computer program called Tools for Population Genetic Analyses (TFPGA). The results showed that the five primers (P-40, P-50, DALRP, Ca-01, and Ca-02) used, revealed specific fragment for species and location of K. alvarezii . The low genetic variability both intra and inter locations of farmed seaweed was indicated by variation in total and size of DNA fragment, polymorphism and similarity index. The total of fragment generated by the five primers was 47—55 in size range of 175-2,600 bp, while proportion of polymorphism and similarity index were 3.6%—31.0% and 0.79%—0.99%, respectively. Genetic distance between farmed seaweed was 0.1758—0.5689 where the closest genetic distance was found between Takalar and Bantaeng.

ABSTRAKIntroduksi gen sitrat sintase pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii menggunakan Agrobacterium tumefaciens telah dilakukan secara in vitro. Introduksi gen sitrat sintase ke dalam genom rumput laut dapat mengurangi cekaman oksidatif terutama perubahan yang disebabkan oleh perubahan suhu, salinitas dan cemaran logam di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan dalam rangka perbanyakan rumput laut hasil introduksi gen sitrat sintase melalui teknik kultur jaringan pada media cair dan media semi solid. Regenerasi tunas dilakukan berdasarkan eksplan yang tahan pada media seleksi higromisin serta evaluasi transgenik dilakukan menggunakan teknik PCR, di bawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan efisiensi transformasi pada media selektif sebanyak 30%, efisiensi regenerasi thalus transgenik pada media seleksi 85%, dan efisiensi regenerasi thalus non transgenik sebesar 95% pada media non selektif. Media recovery dengan penambahan pupuk PES memperlihatkan sintasan yang paling baik pada regenerasi thalus transgenik. Hasil analisis PCR memperlihatkan K. alvarezii transgenik putatif mengandung transgen PaCS di bawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV. KATA KUNCI: Kappaphycus alvarezii, rumput laut, gen PaCs, transformasi ABSTRACT:Regeneration of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii resulting from citrate synthase gene transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens by in vitro methode.

Transformasi gen superoxide dismutase (MaSOD) pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii menggunakan Agrobacterium tumefacient telah dilakukan secara in vitro. Transformasi gen MaSOD ke dalam genom rumput laut diharapkan dapat mengurangi cekaman oksidatif terutama yang disebabkan oleh perubahan suhu, salinitas, dan cemaran logam di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk regenerasi rumput laut hasil introduksi gen MaSOD dan non-transgenik pada labu kultur. Regenerasi dan perbanyakan rumput laut hasil transformasi gen MaSOD dilakukan di laboratorium pada labu kultur yang diletakkan dalam “culture chamber” yang dilengkapi dengan aerasi menggunakan media kultur yang diperkaya dengan pupuk PES, Grund, Conwy, dan SSW sebagai kontrol, salinitas 20, 25, 30, 35, dan 40 g/L, pH 4, 5, 6, 7, dan 8. Intensitas cahaya antara 500-2.000 lux dengan fotoperiode terang dan gelap 8:16; 12:12; dan 16:8. Untuk merangsang pertumbuhan eksplan dilakukan pemeliharaan dengan penambahan hormon tumbuh IAA dan BAP dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1. Penelitian dilakukan secara bertahap. Evaluasi transgenik dilakukan menggunakan teknik PCR. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa sintasan yang paling tinggi diperoleh menggunakan media PES (94%), salinitas 30 g/L (90%), pH 7 (96%), intensitas cahaya pada 1.500 lux (80%), fotoperiode 12:12 (84%), komposisi ZPT dengan campuran IAA dan BAP dengan perbandingan 2:1. Hasil analisis PCR memperlihatkan K. alvarezii transgenik putatif mengandung transgen MaSOD sebanyak 78% dari hasil transformasi.Superoxide dismutase transformation (MaSOD) gene of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii mediated by Agrobacterium tumefacient has been successfully done in vitro. MaSOD genes introduced into the seaweed genome is expected to reduce oxidative stress caused by environmental conditions such as changes in temperature, salinity and metal contamination of the water. This study aimed to regenerate both the MaSOD transformed seaweed and non-transgenic in a culture flask. Regeneration and multiplication of those seaweed were conducted in a laboratory flask cultures placed in a “culture chamber” which was aerated and enriched with fertilizers PES, Grund, Conwy, and SSW as a control, salinity 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 g/L, pH: 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. the light intensity between 500-2000 lux, with light and dark photoperiod 8:16; 12:12; and 16:8. To stimulate the growth of explants the addition of growth hormone IAA and BAP with ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 were performed. This study was a multiple-step of process, by which transgenic explants was identified by PCR method. The results showed that the highest survival rate was obtained using media PES (94%), salinity 30 g / L (90%), pH= 7 (96%), the intensity of light at 1500 lux (80%), photoperiod= 12: 12 (84%), and ratio of IAA and BAP 2: 1. The results of PCR analysis showed the putative K. alvarezii transgenic MaSOD was 78% of explants.