ICAM-1 levels in patients with covid-19 with diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective study in southeast asia

Abstract

Background Viral infection can compound the severity of pre-existing inflammation caused by underlying diseases. For those with a chronic, immune-related condition such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) serves to exacerbate the inflammatory burden. Serum levels of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a primary mediator of cell adhesion express in the inflammatory process, are often used to indicate the gravity of all inflammatory conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate serum ICAM-1 levels before and after debridement in patients with DFUs who were also diagnosed as COVID-19 positive compared with those who were COVID-19 negative. Methods 20 patients with DFUs were screened for COVID-19 and then divided into COVID-19 positive and negative groups according to the results. Before debridement, chest x-rays and blood analysis, including ICAM-1 serum levels, were performed in both groups. Only ICAM-1 serum levels were measured after debridement. Results Of the 20 patients included in this study, 55% were male (n = 11) and 45% were female (n = 9). The mean age was 52.9 ± 1.9 years. ICAM-1 levels in patients with DFU in the COVID-19-positive group were significantly higher than those in the COVID-19-negative group (median 317.2 vs 149.2, respectively; p < 0.001). Serum levels of ICAM-1 reduced significantly in patients with DFU in the COVID-19-positive group were significantly higher than those in the COVID-19-negative group after debridement (median 312.5 vs 130.3; p < 0.001). Conclusion ICAM-1 serum levels represent an additional, initial screening marker for COVID-19.

Characteristics of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients Pre- and During COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt From a National Referral Hospital in Indonesia

“…Patients with COVID-19 had elevated ICAM-1 level, which could aggravate the preexisting inflammation in patient with DFU. 26 During the pandemic, we also found that number of patients with osteomyelitis was higher than the pre-pandemic (72.6% vs 87.3%). Osteomyelitis could occur when infection from wound site spread contiguously to the bone.…”

“…Patients with COVID-19 had elevated ICAM-1 level, which could aggravate the pre-existing inflammation in patient with DFU. 26 …”

Sequence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant isolated from Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…SARS-CoV-2 Pango lineage B.1.617.2, commonly known as the Delta variant, is a SARS-CoV-2 variant that was discovered in India on September 07, 2020. The Delta variant was declared as a variant of concern by the World Health Organization due to its high infectivity and has rapidly become a major variant in different regions globally [ [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] ].…”

Full-genome sequencing and mutation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were detected in Wuhan, China, on 31st December 2019 ( Zhou et al, 2020 ; Oley et al, 2021 ). It was subsequently confirmed that these cases were due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 2020 ), a respiratory virus that is highly transmissible between humans, and spread rapidly globally.…”