<i>Phytophthora infestans</i> in a single field in southwest Sweden early in spring: symptoms, spatial distribution and genotypic variation

Widmark, Anna-Karin; Andersson, B.; Cassel‐Lundhagen, Anna; Sandström, Magnus; Yuen, Jonathan

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01618.x

Cited by 46 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Oospores have the ability to survive for at least 18 months (Andersson, 2007) outside the host plant and will result in late blight becoming a soil-borne disease. Early symptoms of late blight, presumably originating from oospores, have been reported in the Nordic countries (Andersson et al 1998;Lehtinen and Hannukkala 2004;Widmark et al 2007).…”

Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coexistence of both mating types enables sexual reproduction which increases genotypic variation and thereby the adaptability of the pathogen. Studies of genetic variation using RFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers have indicated that sexual reproduction is an important contributing factor to the genetic variation in the Nordic populations of P. infestans (Brurberg et al 1999(Brurberg et al , 2011Widmark et al 2007). …”

Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, infected seed tubers, together with oospores, are the most important primary infection sources in the Nordic countries (Widmark et al 2007). Control of seed tuber inoculum is not easy.…”

Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in Europe

et al. 2011

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Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight, is a major threat to potato production in northwestern Europe. Before 1980, the worldwide population of P. infestans outside Mexico appeared to be asexual and to consist of a single clonal lineage of A1 mating type characterized by a single genotype. It is widely believed that new strains migrated into Europe in 1976 and that this led to subsequent population changes including the introduction of the A2 mating type. The population characteristics of recently collected isolates in NW Europe show a diverse population including both mating types, sexual reproduction and oospores, although differences are observed between regions. Although it is difficult to find direct evidence that new strains are more aggressive, there are several indications from experiments and field epidemics that the aggressiveness of P. infestans has increased in the past 20 years. The relative importance of the different primary inoculum sources and specific measures for reducing their role, such as covering dumps with plastic and preventing seed tubers from becoming infected, is described for the different regions. In NW Europe, varieties with greater resistance tend not to be grown on a large scale. From the grower's perspective, the savings in fungicide input that can be achieved with these varieties are not compensated by the higher (perceived) risk of blight. Fungicides play a crucial role in the integrated control of late blight. The spray strategies in NW Europe and a table of the specific attributes of the most important fungicides in Europe are presented. The development and use of decision support systems (DSSs) in NW Europe are described. In The Netherlands, it is estimated that almost 40% of potato growers use recommendations based on commercially available DSS. In the Nordic countries, a new DSS concept with a fixed 7-day spray interval and a variable dose rate is being tested. In the UK, commercially available DSSs are used for c. 8% of the area. The validity of Smith Periods for the new population of P. infestans in the UK is currently being evaluated.

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Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nordic Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in Europe

et al. 2011

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“…The co-existence of mating types and the sexual reproduction increase the chance of developing resistance to fungicides such as metalaxyl (Goodwin et al 1998;Gotoh et al 2005). In addition, the spread of the disease may be also initiated from spores present in the soil (Widmark et al 2007). The genetic diversity, rapid evolution and the broader range of virulence factors have made this pathogen more and more aggressive (Drenth et al 1995;Gotoh et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and mapping of quantitative resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Solanum habrochaites LA1777

Liu

Bai

et al. 2011

Euphytica

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Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) can have devastating effects on tomato production over the whole world. Most of the commercial cultivars of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, are susceptible. Qualitative and quantitative resistance has been described in wild relatives of tomato. In general qualitative resistance can more easily be overcome by newly evolved isolates. Screening of three S. habrochaites accessions (LA1033, LA2099 and LA1777) through a whole plant assay showed that accession LA1777 had a good level of resistance to several isolates of P. infestans. To explore the potential in this wild species, an introgression line (IL) population of S. habrochaites LA1777 was used to screen individual chromosome regions of the wild species by a detached leaf assay. Two major isolates (T 1,2 and T 1,2,4 ) were used and two parameters were measured: lesion size (LS), and disease incidence (DI). Substantial variation was observed between the individual lines. QTLs were identified for LS but not for DI.The presence of five QTLs derived from LA1777 (Rlbq4a, Rlbq4b, Rlbq7, Rlbq8 and Rlbq12) results in unambiguous higher levels of resistance. All QTLs co-localized with previously described QTLs from S. habrochaites LA2099 except QTL Rlbq4b, which is therefore a novel QTL.

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“…This campaign resulted in a significant reduction in the number of uncovered dumps (Schepers et al, 2000 (Bradshaw et al, 2004). More and more circumstantial evidence becomes available that also oospores can act as a primary source of infection (Evenhuis et al, 2006;Widmark et al, 2007). Preventing the formation of oospores by a stringent control strategy up to desiccation of the crop and a rigorous control of volunteer potato plants, on which oospores can also be formed abundantly, are important elements in reducing the role of oospores as a primary inoculum source.…”

Section: Primary Sources Of Inoculummentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to Control Late Blight in Potatoes in Europe

Schepers¹,

Evenhuis²,

Spits³

2009

Acta Hortic.

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In Europe an aggressive genetically diverse population of potato late blight is present which regularly causes problems in all potato growing regions. It is therefore of the utmost importance that blight is managed in an integrated way by combining a range of measures. Hygiene measures can keep the number of primary sources of inoculum low. In a number of European countries campaigns are ongoing to increase the awareness of growers to reduce the risk of early inoculum sources such as dumps, volunteers and infected seed. The use of varieties with stable resistance for foliar and tuber blight is also a part of an integrated control strategy. In intermediate resistant varieties possibilities are investigated to reduce the input of fungicides. Fungicides still have a key role to play in the integrated control of late blight. In order to optimize the use of fungicides it is important to know the effectiveness and type of activity of the active ingredients to control blight. The use of fungicides should be targeted by using information on infection conditions based on weather data, disease pressure and fungicide characteristics. Decision Support Systems (DSS) can be used to integrate and organize all the available information required for decisions to control late blight. INTRODUCTIONLate blight was first introduced into Europe in the 1840s and is now the most serious potato disease. Nowadays an aggressive genetically diverse population with both the A1 and A2 mating type is present which regularly causes problems in all potato growing regions in Europe. In this situation the first outbreaks of late blight are detected earlier in the season and the development of the epidemic during blight conducive weather can be faster compared to the pre-1980s situation in which Europe had an asexual genetically similar population. It is therefore of the utmost importance that potato late blight is managed stringently by combining a range of control measures. In this paper some examples are presented of elements that can be part of an integrated control strategy of potato late blight. Measures are described related to the management of primary infection sources as well as the integration of resistant cultivars in the control strategy. Also the optimal use of a wide range of fungicides is presented and some examples of Decision Support Systems used in Europe are presented.

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Phytophthora infestans in a single field in southwest Sweden early in spring: symptoms, spatial distribution and genotypic variation

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Epidemiology and Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in Europe

Epidemiology and Integrated Control of Potato Late Blight in Europe

Identification and mapping of quantitative resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Solanum habrochaites LA1777

Strategies to Control Late Blight in Potatoes in Europe

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