In vitro suppression of the phagocytic response of fish macrophages by tetracyclines

Abstract

Tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) caused a dose‐dependent suppression of the chemiluminescence (CL) emitted by phagocytes from the kidney of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, using zymosan or latex beads as the stimulus. Compared to the control response without antibiotics, partial but significant suppression was found after exposing the cells to OTC concentrations of 0.1–50.0 μg ml−1. Cells exposed to 100 or 500 μg ml−1 OTC showed CL responses below the base levels elicited by control cells. Comparable results were obtained with cells exposed to TC and stimulated by the same stimuli. The kinetics of the CL response and the suppressive effects of the antibiotics were similar in cells from individual fish but the magnitude of responses varied. No acclimation occurred following extended exposure to the drugs.

The chemiluminescent responses of phagocytic cells of coho salmon, rainbow trout and carp against Renibacterium salmoninarum

“…Quantitative assessment of phagocytosis has been simplified since Allen et al (1972) first demonstrated that cells phagocytozing bacteria exhibit chemiluminescence (CL) due to the production of reactive oxygen intermediates such as superoxide anion, which are associated with bactericidal activity of stimulated phagocytes. This assay has been successfully applied to fish phagocyte responses by several authors (Scott & Klesius, 1981;Stave & Roberson, 1985;Wishkovsky et al, 1987). Sakai et al (1988Sakai et al ( , 1991 reported the di#erent susceptibilities of salmonid fish and carp to BKD.…”

Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives

“…Unfortunately, there are only a few studies that analyze the side effects of antibiotic use on fish themselves. There is evidence that some antibiotics can induce nephrotoxicity (Hentschel et al, 2005), but the most well documented side effect is immunomodulation (Rijkers et al, 1981;Grondel et al, 1985;Wishkovsky et al, 1987;Tafalla et al, 2002).…”

“…The first studies were carried out in vitro and showed that oxytetracycline suppressed mitogenic and allogenic leukocyte responses in fish and that low concentrations of this antibiotic delayed the mitogenic response, but did not reduce it (Grondel et al, 1985). In vitro experiments in rainbow trout and in turbot demonstrated that oxytetracycline also suppressed macrophage phagocytic capacity in these two species (Wishkovsky et al, 1987;Tafalla et al, 1999). Moreover, in turbot, both respiratory burst activity and phagocytosis were significantly suppressed by incubation with oxytetracycline in vitro.…”

Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems

“…Adverse effects of pharmaceuticals to fish and aquatic life are typically detected in aquatic ecosystems (Grondel et al, 1985;Wishkovsky et al, 1987;Vos et al, 2000;Arukwe, 2001;Jobling et al, 2002Jobling et al, , 2006Cleuvers, 2003Cleuvers, , 2004; Thorpe et al, 2003;Brooks et al, 2003Brooks et al, , 2005Schwaiger et al, 2004;Triebskorn et al, 2004;Hoeger et al, 2005;Flippin et al, 2007;Oaks et al, 2004;Caminada et al, 2006;Cunningham et al, 2006;Fent et al, 2006;Filby et al, 2007;Flippin et al, 2007;Johnston et al, 2007;Kim et al, 2007;Owen et al, 2007;Runnalls et al, 2007;Shved et al, 2008;Christen et al, 2010;Corcoran et al, 2010;Nassef et al, 2010;Santos et al, 2010;Cuthbert et al, 2011). Adverse effects include for instance the production of reactive oxygen species in fish (Gonzalez et al, 1998;Laville et al, 2004;Fent et al, 2006;Mostofa et al, 2013aMostofa et al, , 2013b.…”

“…• Antibiotics such as tetracycline at environmental concentrations and laboratory conditions (up to mg L -1 ) may induce development of resistance in microbial assemblages, may have adverse effect on immune systems, and may inhibit growth and reproduction in fish, microorganisms, algae and aquatic plants (Grondel et al, 1985;Wishkovsky et al, 1987;Thomulka and McGee, 1993;Pro et al, 2003;Crane et al, 2006;Yamashita et al, 2006;Santos et al, 2010). Antibiotics may affect fish indirectly, by modulating microbial functions in aquatic ecosystems and by subsequently affecting processes such as denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and organic breakdown (Constanzo et al, 2004).…”