Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems

Abstract

. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 2013, 182, 461-478. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013 You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions:(1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license.(2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.(3) You must attribute this AAM in the following format: habitats during the breeding period of marine species, usually for few days; and (ii) in some specific marine locations that have high biodiversity and target and non-target ecosystem components. Possible remedial measures are assessed, but their effective coming into force strongly depends on the public awareness of existing problems and on the priority level that such problems will reach in policy making.

Biological Formation of Organic Substances from Particulate Organic Matter

“…Note also that in aqueous systems H 2 O 2 can produce HO • through the Fenton reaction (H 2 O 2 + M n+ → HO • + HO -+ M n+1 ), which is also very effective toward the degradation of organic material [4,18]. Actually, it is well known that the degradation of DOM including organic nitrogen and phosphorus in deep freshwater or seawater involves ROS, with eventual production of low molecular weight compounds, nitrate, phosphate, methane,CO 2 and dissolve inorganic carbon (DIC: dissolved CO 2 , H 2 CO 3 , HCO 3  , and CO 3 2 ) [1,2,4,7]. On the other hand, the diversification of supramolecular structures of allochthonous fulvic or humic acids and of autochthonous fulvic acids are familiar phenomena in the field of organic geochemistry.…”

“…DOM produced from POM is a fundamental phenomenon in soil, sediments and water which maintain the microbial food webs, photoinduced processes (e.g. O 2 -• , H 2 O 2 and HO • ) along with reduction-oxidation (REDOX) reactions, global carbon cycle, nutrients cycle through degradation of its organic nitrogen or phosphorus , and finally a major source of energy to drive the aquatic ecosystem [4,7,8]. Allochthonous DOM originates from biological degradation of plant debris or root exudates and they includes fulvic and humic acids (humic substances), carbohydrates, phenols, organic acids, and so on [3][4][5][6].…”

Balancing of Ocean Acidification by Superoxide Redox Chemistry?

“…[1][2] The transformation of organic P and N into phosphate and nitrate because of microbial or photochemical processes can cause a significant decrease of the alkalinity of coastal seawater and, therefore, a decrease in pH. 2 Another possibility (although limited in space and time) is the elevated production of CO 2 and DIC during harmful algal blooms, which can significantly alter the pH of seawater as long as they are operational. 1 Eutrophication phenomena and algal blooms can both be enhanced by global warming, which causes an increase of surface seawater temperature and leads to a longer summer stratification period.…”

“…In warm, sunlit surface seawater the photochemical and biological processes that are involved in the degradation of DOM and POM can be strongly enhanced, leading to increased production of CO 2 and of anionic species that decrease the alkalinity of seawater. 2 The third possible issue is connected with atmospheric acid rain, most notably involving HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 that can directly lower the seawater pH. 2 All such processes are usually limited to the coastal areas that are most affected by eutrophication phenomena, while acid rains are not expected to have a comparatively important impact on the pH of the open ocean.…”

“…2 The third possible issue is connected with atmospheric acid rain, most notably involving HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 that can directly lower the seawater pH. 2 All such processes are usually limited to the coastal areas that are most affected by eutrophication phenomena, while acid rains are not expected to have a comparatively important impact on the pH of the open ocean.…”