In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets

Michiels, Joris; Missotten, Joris; Dierick, Noël; Fremaut, Dirk; Maene, Peter; Smet, Stefaan De

doi:10.1002/jsfa.3358

Cited by 183 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…It is likely that the active components of the PE are rapidly metabolized and cleared from the blood (Michiels et al, 2008) so they represent a smaller part of the molecules responsible for the antioxidant capacity of plasma measured by TAS (Gladine et al, 2007). Perhaps higher doses (if possible) and prolonged exposure would result in a positive effect of PE mixture and vitamin E on TAS values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of vitamin E and plant extract mixture composed of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin on oxidative stress induced by high PUFA load in young pigs

Frankič

Levart

Salobir

2010

Animal

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The objective of our study was to determine the antioxidative potential of a plant extract (PE) mixture composed of carvacrol, capsicum oleoresin and cinnamaldehyde against high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-induced oxidative stress in young pigs. Thirty-two weaned castrated male crossbred pigs (BW 10.9 kg; n 5 32) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n 5 8). The negative control diet (Cont) contained 17.2% energy from fat. Oxidative stress was induced in three of the four experimental groups with the inclusion of n-3 PUFA rich linseed oil. Linseed oil substituted wheat starch in the diet to elevate the amount of energy from fat to 34.1%. One of these diets served as a positive control (Oil), one was additionally supplemented with 271.2 mg/kg of PE mixture and one with 90.4 mg/kg a-tocopheryl acetate (Vit E). After 14 days of treatment, blood and urine were collected for the determination of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Lipid peroxidation was studied by plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, 24 h urinary MDA and F 2 -isoprostane (iPF 2a -VI) excretion, total antioxidant status of plasma and glutathione peroxidase assays. Lymphocyte DNA fragmentation and 24 h urinary 8-hydroxy-2 0 -deoxyguanosine excretion were measured to determine DNA damage. Consumption of n-3 PUFA rich linseed oil increased the amount of MDA in plasma and urine, and induced DNA damage in lymphocytes, but did not elevate the amount of iPF 2a -VI excreted in the urine. The supplementation with PE and with Vit E did not reduce MDA levels in plasma and urine, but it decreased the percentage of DNA damage in lymphocytes ( P , 0.001). The PE reduced the urinary iPF 2a -VI excretion in comparison to the Cont diet. The results show that PE and Vit E supplemented to pigs in concentrations of 271.2 mg/kg and 90.4 mg/kg, respectively, can effectively protect pig's blood lymphocytes against oxidative DNA damage, thus suggesting their potentially beneficial effects on the immune system under dietary-induced oxidative stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of vitamin E and plant extract mixture composed of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin on oxidative stress induced by high PUFA load in young pigs

Frankič

Levart

Salobir

2010

Animal

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“…The thymol and camphor preparation contained 49.8 and 57.4% of the active ingredient in the final product respectively. The preparations were analyzed according to Michiels et al (2008). Alphacel was then added to the diets in order to obtain equal amounts of the basal diet in all experimental diets.…”

Section: Feedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dose of thymol and supplemental flavours or camphor on palatability in a choice feedings study with piglets

Michiels¹,

Missotten²,

Ovyn³

et al. 2012

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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Thymol’s antimicrobial properties urged researchers to study its effect on animal performance and intestinal health in pigs. However, thymol has the characteristic sharp odor of thyme and a bitter, aromatic, and sometimes burning sensation which may elicit feeding aversions. The objectives in the current study were: (1) to determine the effect of dose of thymol and camphor on palatability and (2) to test the hypothesis that supplemental flavours or camphor, the latter as a known Transient Receptor Potential A1 blocker, could mitigate feed avoidance caused by thymol. Two analogous choice-feeding trials were conducted. Feed intake of the test diet was expressed as proportion of the total intake and tested by means of a one-sample Student’s t-test against a set value of 50%. The preference for feed supplemented with 125, 500, 1250 and 2000 mg/kg thymol was 53.7 ± 6.0% (P > 0.05), 47.5 ± 5.1% (P > 0.05), 36.8 ± 4.9% (P = 0.022), and 3.9 ± 7.9% (P = 0.005) respectively. When feed containing 2000 mg/kg thymol with either flavour A (containing intense sweeteners) or flavour B (containing the same intense sweeteners and a caramel aroma) was opposed against a control diet, the relative intake of the test diets was 19.9 ± 5.8% and 14.0 ± 4.9% (both P < 0.05) respectively. When animals were offered one of these test diets and a reference diet with 2000 mg/kg thymol, animals exhibited a preference for the feed with 2000 mg/kg thymol + flavour A, but not for the feed with 2000 mg/kg thymol + flavour B. Thus, supplemental flavours containing intense sweeteners partially overcame feed avoidance caused by thymol which was less pronounced when the caramel aroma was present. Exposure to camphor (50 and 200 mg/kg) did not improve feed preference for a diet containing 1250 mg/kg thymol. Thymol’s bitter taste might be largely responsible for the recorded feed refusal at high inclusion rates.

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“…Thymol has been proposed as an animal feed supplement to positively influence gut microbiota and consequently improve animal health and growth (Lallès et al, 2009;Khan et al, 2012). Research has suggested that thymol rapidly enters the bloodstream after it is ingested (Kohlert et al, 2002), and in pigs it is absorbed in the stomach (Michiels et al, 2008). Thus, after the mouth, the gastric mucosa could be an important site of thymol action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

Colombo

Priori

Gandolfi

et al. 2014

Animal

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Thymol is the most common molecule in thyme and has been proposed as an oral alternative to antibiotics in the feed of pigs and broilers. The knowledge of the in vivo physiological effects of thymol on tissues is limited, particularly its impact on the gastric mucosa, where it is primarily absorbed when it is orally supplied. In this study, thymol (TH, 50 mg/ kg BW) or a placebo (CO) was introduced directly into the stomach of 8 weaned pigs that were slaughtered 12 h later and sampled for gastric oxyntic and pyloric mucosa. The analysis of whole transcript expression was performed using Affymetrix © Porcine Gene 1.1 ST array strips. Affymetrix Transcripts IDs were associated with 13 406 human gene names based on Sus scrofa Ensemble. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed, comparing TH and CO pigs. For each gene set, the normalized enrichment score (NES) was defined as significant when the false discovery rate % was <25 and the P-value of NES was <0.05. In response to TH, 72 and 19 gene sets were significantly enriched in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively. Several gene sets involved in mitosis and its regulation ranked near the top, primarily in the oxyntic mucosa; the gene set DIGESTION ranked first and ninth in the pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, respectively. Within this group, somatostatin (SST), SST receptors, peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) and calpain 9 (gastrointestinal tract-specific calpain) were the most strongly upregulated genes. Thymol reduced the enrichment of 120 and 59 gene sets in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively. Several gene sets related to ion transport and channeling and aqueous pores across membranes, including short transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 4, potassium voltage-gated channel members 1 and 2, and ryanodine receptors 2 and 3, were less enriched. The downregulation of these genes sensitive to thymol in vitro could depend on the thymol dose and contact with the gastric tissues that causes an adaptive response with their reduced activation. Conversely, the activation of the TRPA1 gene (ranked 1072 and 128 among all the genes in the oxyntic and pyloric mucosa, respectively) indicates the involvement of another TRP-regulating cellular calcium storage. In conclusion, the stimulation of gastric proliferative activity and the control of digestive activity by thymol can influence positively gastric maturation and function in the weaned pigs. These properties should be considered in addition to thymol's antimicrobial properties when supplementation of this molecule in feed is evaluated.

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In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets

Cited by 183 publications

References 38 publications

The effect of vitamin E and plant extract mixture composed of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin on oxidative stress induced by high PUFA load in young pigs

The effect of vitamin E and plant extract mixture composed of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin on oxidative stress induced by high PUFA load in young pigs

Effect of dose of thymol and supplemental flavours or camphor on palatability in a choice feedings study with piglets

Effect of free thymol on differential gene expression in gastric mucosa of the young pig

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