“…[1][2][3][4][5] Compared with hydrogen produced by fossil fuel cracking, the electrolytic hydrogen production process using renewable energy sources such as solar or wind energy can achieve zero carbon emissions and is gaining widespread attention. [6][7][8][9][10] However, due to the thermodynamic drawback of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the cell voltage of electrolytic water usually exceeds 1.8 V, and most of the electrical energy is converted into oxygen with low commercial value through the anode reaction. [11][12][13] For this reason, some recent studies have attempted to replace the OER with thermodynamically favorable anodic small molecule oxidation reactions, [14][15][16][17] such as ethylene glycol oxidation, 18 glycerol oxidation, 19,20 and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation.…”