<i>Flexibacter Maritimus</i>Associated with a Bacterial Stomatitis in Atlantic Salmon Smolts Reared in Net-Pens in British Columbia

Ostland, V. E.; Morrison, Diane; Ferguson, H. W.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0035:fmawab>2.0.co;2

Cited by 59 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Tenacibaculum maritimum is the causative agent of marine flexibacteriosis in a number of cultured fish species worldwide (Wakabayashi et al 1986, Devesa et al 1989, Bernardet et al 1990, Chen et al 1995, Kusuda & Kawai 1998, Ostland et al 1999. In Tasmania, Australia, the disease has affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina and striped trumpeter Latris lineata (Handlinger et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Gelderen¹,

Carson²,

Nowak³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Tenacibaculum maritimum causes marine flexibacteriosis in many cultured fish species, including Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Tasmania, Australia. Several aspects of the pathogenicity of this bacterium were investigated in naive Atlantic salmon smolts using different isolates, growth conditions and doses to produce a model of infection. We found that T. maritimum is pathogenic to Atlantic salmon using either marine Shieh's or marine Ordal's culture medium. The use of aeration in broth culture produced a dose effect in challenge due to a 'clumping' of the bacteria during culture. The virulence of a strain appears to be connected with this 'clumping'; the more adherent the cells, the more pathogenic the strain. Differences in virulence between 3 strains was apparent, with 1 of the strains (89/4747) being non-pathogenic and unable to produce disease in the host. The 2 other strains (89/4762, 00/3280) were highly virulent, resulting in 100% mortalities within 3 d. A reproducible model of infection has been established in the present study using strain 89/4762. Results from the present study provide a better insight into the nature of the disease. KEY WORDS: Tenacibaculum maritimum · Pathogenicity · Atlantic salmon · Infection model Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 91: [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128] 2010 MATERIALS AND METHODSPathogenicity experiments. Three different methods were used to assess the pathogenicity of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Atlantic salmon (Table 1). Expt 1 was a comparison of methods: 2 different growth media, marine Shieh's broth (MSB) and marine Anacker and Ordal's broth (Anacker & Ordal 1959) (MOB), with or without aeration were used during culture of bacteria. The assessment was made with strain 89/4762. Expt 2 was a comparison of the pathogenicity of 3 strains (89/4762, 89/4747, 00/3280) and Expt 3 compared dose effects for 1 strain (89/4762). Assessments of culture media and strains on pathogenicity were made in a semi-static experiment. As a recirculation system was used in Expt 3, there were 2 different control treatments. One control treatment was within the recirculation system and was called control (in); and another was still part of the system but had a separate water source, and was called control (out). The system was set up with a filter bank down to 0.8 µm for incoming water and 2 UV lights (400 J m 2-1 , 4000 l h -1 ) to reduce bacterial load.Experimental fish. Naive, disease-free Atlantic salmon smolts were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The fish were initially kept in freshwater and then acclimated to seawater (salinity 35) over a week starting at salinity 5. They were fed on a commercial diet (Atlantic HP, Skretting) at maintenance (1% body weight) during acclimation. Feeding ceased 48 h before challenge. Numbers of fish and replicates, weight and length of the fish, and water conditions for each experiment are summarised in Table 2.Bacteria cultures. Three strains of Tenacibaculum marit...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Gelderen¹,

Carson²,

Nowak³

2010

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Tenacibaculum maritimum is responsible for massive mortalities and severe economic losses in marine fish cultures worldwide including Japan, Scotland, Spain, France and North America [2,4,12,20,21]. T. maritimum has been isolated from Picasso triggerfish fishes and black damselfish in Red Sea for the first time [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological Findings of Tenacibaculum maritimus Infection in Black Damselfish, Neoglyphieodon melas and Picasso Triggerfish, Rhinecanthus assasi in Red Sea, Egypt

Haridy

Hasheim²,

El-Galil³

et al. 2014

J Veterinar Sci Technol

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An outbreak of a disease with external body lesions in Picasso triggerfish (Rhinecanthus assasi) and black damselfish (Neoglyphieodon melas) has been observed in the indoor aquarium of NIOF, Hurghada, Egypt. Thirty Picasso triggerfish and thirty-five black damselfish were clinically affected with gross skin lesions. The affected fishes were euthanized for gross, histological and bacteriological examinations. The disease onset started after exposing the fish to catching and indoor rearing stress. Anorexia, erratic swimming and hemorrhagic skin and mouth ulcers and fin rot were the main symptoms and lesions among Picasso triggerfish and black damselfish. Single species of bacteria was isolated from skin ulcer, liver and spleen and was diagnosed as Tenacibaculum maritimus. The gross lesions were irregular shallow erosions and deep ulcers on the dorsal and lateral skin, sometimes on the head, mouth and fins, and occasionally, on the cornea. Histological findings, the hepatic tissue revealed fatty degeneration and focal liquefactive necrosis. Congestion, hemorrhage, hemosidrosis and lymphoid depletion was observed in spleen. The deep skin ulcers characterized by epidermal and muscular necrosis. Picasso triggerfish and black damselfish had lesions similar to those of natural infection and mortality rates of 50 and 60%, respectively in experimental reproduction of the disease. The natural T. maritimus infection in Picasso triggerfish and black damselfish in Red Sea is not only a superficial skin lesion but also a systemic infection.

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“…Tenacibaculum maritimun (formerly Cytophaga marina, Flexibacter marinus and Flexibacter maritimus) a Gram-negative bacterium, is the etiological agent of tenacibaculosis in marine fish (Wakabayashi et al, 1986;Devesa et al, 1989;Bernardet and Grimont, 1989;Chen et al, 1995;Pazos et al, 1996;Handlinger et al, 1997;Ostland et al, 1999;Santos et al, 1999;Suzuki et al, 2001). Microscopic, the bacterium forms long and slender rods (0.5 μm by 2-30 μm), and occasionally filaments up to 100 μm in length, depending on the culture (Fig.…”

Section: Causative Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until 1999, T. maritimun was considered biochemical and serological homogeneous taxon (Ostland et al, 1999). Recent studies, using serological and molecular methods, have proved the presence of serogroups in the species (Pazos, 1997;Santos et al, 1999;Ostland et al, 1999).…”

Section: Serological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the cultured fish, the disease has been reported in marine fish species, like red sea bream (Pagrus major), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata),european sea bass (Dincentrarchus labrax), atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), sole (Solea solea), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and many other cultured and wild fish in Europe, Japan, North America, Australia and all over the world White, 1979,1982;Wakabayashi et al, 1986;Devesa et al, 1989;Pazos et al, 1993;Chen et al, 1995;Handlinger et al, 1997;Ostland et al, 1999;Santos et al, 1999;Avendaño-Herrera et al, 2004a, Choi et al, 2006Jung et al, 2006;Sheu et al, 2007;Vatsos, 2007;Heindl et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2008;Piñeiro-Vidal et al, 2008a,b;Lee et al, 2009;Oh et al, 2012;Piñeiro-Vidal et al, 2012;Failde et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tenacibaculosis in aquaculture farmed marine fish

GOURZIOTI

Kolygas

Athanassopoulou

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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ABSTRACT. Tenacibaculosis is a limiting factor of the culture of many farmed marine fish worldwide. In marine fish species, the main etiological agent of the disease is the bacterium Tenacibaculum maritinun. The disease is responsible for high mortalities in intensive aquaculture farms. The infection can cause external pathological signs and lesions to the fish, such as ulcers, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions on the skin, fins and tail, hemorrhagic stomatitis and corrosion of the tail and fins. In the present review information is provided regarding Tenacibaculum maritinun strains that infect farmed marine fish, the disease, the causative agent, host species, clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, pathogenesis of infection, the treatment and prevention of the disease.Keywords: aquaculture, farmed marine fish, Tenacibaculosis, Tenacibaculum maritinun ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ. Η μυξοβακτηριδίαση αποτελεί περιοριστικό παράγοντα εκτροφής πολλών θαλασσινών ψαριών παγκοσμίως. Στα θαλασσινά είδη ψαριών, το κύριο αίτιο της νόσου είναι το βακτήριο Tenacibaculum maritinun. Η νόσος, είναι υπεύθυνη για μεγάλες θνησιμότητες στις εντατικές ιχθυοκαλλιέργειες. Η μόλυνση μπορεί να προκαλέσει εξωτερικά παθολογικά συμπτώματα και αλλοιώσεις στα ψάρια, όπως έλκη, αιμορραγικές και νεκρωτικές αλλοιώσεις στο δέρμα, πτερύγια και ουρά, αιμορραγική στοματίτιδα και διάβρωση της ουράς και των πτερυγίων. Στην παρούσα ανασκόπηση αναφέρονται πληροφορίες για τα στελέχη Tenacibaculum maritinun που προσβάλλουν εκτρεφόμενα ψάρια του θαλασσινού νερού, για την νόσο, τον αιτιολογικό παράγοντα, τους ξενιστές, την κλινική εικόνα, τις μεθόδους διάγνωσης, την παθογένεια της μόλυνσης, την θεραπεία και την πρόληψη της νόσου.

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Flexibacter MaritimusAssociated with a Bacterial Stomatitis in Atlantic Salmon Smolts Reared in Net-Pens in British Columbia

Cited by 59 publications

References 26 publications

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in Atlantic salmon smolts Salmo salar. I. Pathogenicity

Pathological Findings of Tenacibaculum maritimus Infection in Black Damselfish, Neoglyphieodon melas and Picasso Triggerfish, Rhinecanthus assasi in Red Sea, Egypt

Tenacibaculosis in aquaculture farmed marine fish

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