Tenacibaculum maritimum (formerly Cytophaga marina and Flexibacter marinus) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes a disease called 'flexibacteriosis' in marine fish. Other names that have been used for flexibacteriosis are 'gliding bacterial disease', 'eroded mouth syndrome' and 'black patch necrosis'. The disease is mainly characterised by haemorrhagic skin lesions and this condition is also associated with fin and gill disease. In a few cases, systemic forms have also been reported. Initially, T maritimum was isolated from marine fish cultured in Japan in 1979 (Hikida and others 1979). The first report in Europe was published in 1982, in Dover sole (Solea solea) (Campbell and Buswell 1982). Flexibacteriosis is currently widely spread in Europe, the USA and Japan, affecting many marine fish species (Vatsos 2007) Based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, T maritimum is generally considered as a homogeneous taxon. Methods for isolation and identification of the pathogen include the following: observation of accumulations of long rods in wet mounts or gram-stained preparations obtained from gills or skin lesions; isolation in various culture media, especially Anacker and Ordal, Marine Agar, Flexibacter maritimus medium (FMM; Pazos and others 1996); and PCR (Toyama and others 1996, Avendaño-Herrera and others 2004). Greece is the main producer of sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) in the Mediterranean area. Flexibacteriosis is considered as one of the main bacterial diseases in these two species, especially when stressful conditions occur (Toranzo and others 2005). In the present study, several strains of T maritimum were collected from various marine farming sites in Greece, in order to investigate whether the strains present in Greece share a similar biochemical profile. This information is currently not available and is critical in many epidemiological studies. Eleven strains of T maritimum were collected from many areas of Greece (Table 1). These strains were isolated from various field samples, which were sent to the
ABSTRACT. Tenacibaculosis is a limiting factor of the culture of many farmed marine fish worldwide. In marine fish species, the main etiological agent of the disease is the bacterium Tenacibaculum maritinun. The disease is responsible for high mortalities in intensive aquaculture farms. The infection can cause external pathological signs and lesions to the fish, such as ulcers, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions on the skin, fins and tail, hemorrhagic stomatitis and corrosion of the tail and fins. In the present review information is provided regarding Tenacibaculum maritinun strains that infect farmed marine fish, the disease, the causative agent, host species, clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, pathogenesis of infection, the treatment and prevention of the disease.Keywords: aquaculture, farmed marine fish, Tenacibaculosis, Tenacibaculum maritinun ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ. Η μυξοβακτηριδίαση αποτελεί περιοριστικό παράγοντα εκτροφής πολλών θαλασσινών ψαριών παγκοσμίως. Στα θαλασσινά είδη ψαριών, το κύριο αίτιο της νόσου είναι το βακτήριο Tenacibaculum maritinun. Η νόσος, είναι υπεύθυνη για μεγάλες θνησιμότητες στις εντατικές ιχθυοκαλλιέργειες. Η μόλυνση μπορεί να προκαλέσει εξωτερικά παθολογικά συμπτώματα και αλλοιώσεις στα ψάρια, όπως έλκη, αιμορραγικές και νεκρωτικές αλλοιώσεις στο δέρμα, πτερύγια και ουρά, αιμορραγική στοματίτιδα και διάβρωση της ουράς και των πτερυγίων. Στην παρούσα ανασκόπηση αναφέρονται πληροφορίες για τα στελέχη Tenacibaculum maritinun που προσβάλλουν εκτρεφόμενα ψάρια του θαλασσινού νερού, για την νόσο, τον αιτιολογικό παράγοντα, τους ξενιστές, την κλινική εικόνα, τις μεθόδους διάγνωσης, την παθογένεια της μόλυνσης, την θεραπεία και την πρόληψη της νόσου.
A case of epithelial tissue tumors on the body of two adult Brown meagres (Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758) is reported. Brown Meagre population of 20.000 was imported to sea cages on September of 2003 at 3g, to check the potential use of this species as a new candidate in Mediterranean aquaculture. The population had been kept for 8 years to serve as a genetic pool for further zootechnical investigation. The main pathology observed after 8 years in the sea cages were mainly ocular lesions (cataract) possibly due to natural aging and/or long culture period under high natural light intensity (UV radiation) and/or net injuries at a percentage of 1,32% of total cultured population. Apart from that, on two fish, reddish- white tumorous growths were evident on skin, macroscopically. Histologically, the timorous growths were diagnosed as Squamous cell carcinoma. Numerous rounded pearls and nests of epidermal proliferated cells were evident, some of which had a non-cellular center. There were also foci of necrosis and irregular deposits of keratin within the tumor tissue. Special stains (Ayoub-Shklar, Haematoxylin-Eosin & Schiff’s Periodic Acid) were applied to the tissue for comparison. To our knowledge this is the first presented report of SCC in this species.
This study was performed to measure the possible persistence of formaldehyde, the active substance of formalin solution, in seawater and edible gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) tissues after a formalin bath. The trial was carried out during the summer period as parasitic infestations are of a high frequency. Water samples were taken within or at a short distance from the treatment cages, during and following formalin immersion. Fish fillets were also sampled at the same sampling points. Chromatographic analysis of water and tissue samples was performed with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Measured formaldehyde concentrations in gilthead seabream fillets clearly showed no increase due to the immersion or advent of time. Formaldehyde measurements in seawater revealed that after formalin treatments negligible amounts of the substance remain in the aquatic environment and these values seem to be relatively unaffected by depth in the vicinity of the fish cages. Further research is required to investigate the formalin degradation cycle under Mediterranean seawater conditions, including more farm sites and temperature ranges.
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