Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide prevents high‐ fat diet‐induced obesity in hamsters: A NMR‐based metabolomic evaluation

Abstract

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP) has been shown to exhibit hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities in various experimental models.Here, an 1 H-NMR-based metabolomic study was conducted to explore the regulatory effects of EP on serum metabolic changes in obese hamsters. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed hamsters were orally administrated with EP (300, 450, or 600 mg/kg) once daily for 12 weeks. Compared with HFD-fed hamsters, EP treatment (450 and 600 mg/kg) significantly decreased the body weight (by 8.69 and 8.24%), liver weight (by 7.87 and 8.25%), epididymal white adipose tissue (by 19.54 and 17.26%), perirenal white adipose tissue (by 28.09 and 28.94%), serum total cholesterol (by 24.31 and 18.61%), triglyceride (by 30.64 and 31.38%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 38.26 and 36.30%), respectively. In addition, EP intervention also significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol (by 23.20, 38.16, and 34.57%) and triglyceride content (by 17.78, 41.47, and 35.50%) as well as serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ALT/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ratio. The serum samples of normal diet (ND) group, HFD group and HFD + EP 450 mg/kg (HFD + MEP) group were further analyzed by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Compared with ND group, 17 and 2 metabolites were significantly upregulated and downregulated in HFD group, respectively. Interestingly, EP treatment significantly downregulated nine metabolites and upregulated one metabolite when compared to those in HFD group. Our results indicated that EP intervention partially ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction, and the most prominent metabolic pathways included citrate cycle, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, pyruvate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and arginine biosynthesis. Practical Application: Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP), the main active component of Enteromorpha prolifera, is reported to have many biological activities. However, the antiobesity effect of EP and its corresponding metabolic mechanism have not been reported so far. The results of this study confirmed the antiobesity effect of EP on HFD-induced obese hamsters and elucidated its possible metabolic mechanism. Our study highlighted that EP might be used in weight-loss functional foods.

Extraction Techniques, Biological Activities and Health Benefits of Marine Algae Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide

“…The administration of these oligomers to diabetic mice has shown to relieve diabetic symptoms and reduce pancreatic inflammation and apoptosis, thereby ameliorating streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (72). In addition, a recent study has demonstrated that E. prolifera polysaccharide prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction in hamsters (73). Furthermore, administration of E. proliferachromium (III) complex to mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet could improve glucose tolerance and reduce serum insulin levels via activation of the IR/IRS-2/PI3K/PKB/GSK-3β signaling pathway, suggesting that it could be a potential therapeutic agent against type 2 diabetes (74).…”

Dietary Enteromorpha polysaccharide-Zn supplementation regulates amino acid and fatty acid metabolism by improving the antioxidant activity in chicken

“…Studies have shown that administration of EP to rats successfully reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels [ 13 ], suggesting that it may regulate lipid metabolism. In addition, a recent study has demonstrated that EP supplementation inhibits high-fat diet-induced serum TC, TG, LDL, and alanine aminotransferase, thereby ameliorating HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction in hamsters [ 14 ].…”

Recent developments in Moringa oleifera Lam. polysaccharides: A review of the relationship between extraction methods, structural characteristics and functional activities

“…Polysaccharides were cleaved into oligosaccharides by partial acid hydrolysis and then analysed by the methylation method or GC to determine the composition of the main chain and branched chain. 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), including 1 H and 13 C and 2D NMR correlated spectroscopy (COSY), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) and nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) has been widely used to determine the ectopic configuration, location and linkage sequence of glycoside residues ( Guo et al, 2021 , Li et al, 2020 , Yao et al, 2021 ). More research has found that the advanced structure of polysaccharides is closely related to biological activity.…”