<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. and Its Extracts: Regulation of Cannabidiol in the European Union and United Kingdom

Tallon, Mark J

doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1795044

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A company might face legal action if it sells new foods (such as cannabis isolates) or ingredients that fall under the Public Safety Assessment (PSA's) jurisdiction. Despite this, the FSA appears to have chosen a proportionate enforcement approach, taking into account the precautionary principle, a "likelihood of genuine damage," the "possibility of adverse consequences," or the presence of realistic (scientific) uncertainty regarding a product's harmfulness [92].…”

Section: Safety Remains a Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement

et al. 2021

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a herbaceous anemophilous plant that belongs to the Cannabinaceae family. The cannabis seed (hemp) has long been utilized as a food source and is commercially important as an edible oil source. In this review, the positive and negative health effects of cannabis, the relationship between cannabis and various diseases, and the use of cannabis in various food products have been discussed. In addition, the scientific literature on the potential use of cannabis and its derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic degenerative diseases in animals and humans has been reviewed. Cannabis is being developed as a key ingredient in a variety of food items, including bakery, confectionery, beverages, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and meat. Hemp seeds are high in readily digestible proteins, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), insoluble fiber, carbs, and favorable omega-6 PUFA acid to omega-3 PUFA ratio and have high nutritional value. The antioxidants of cannabis, such as polyphenols, help with anxiety, oxidative stress, and the risk of chronic illnesses, including cancer, neurological disorders, digestive problems, and skin diseases. Cannabis has been shown to have negative health impacts on the respiratory system, driving, and psychomotor functions, and the reproductive system. Overall, the purpose of this research is to stimulate more in-depth research on cannabis’s adaptation in various foods and for the treatment of chronic illnesses.

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Section: Safety Remains a Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement

et al. 2021

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“…It is notable that the recent classification of CBD as a novel food by the European Food Standards Agency has facilitated tightened safety regulations within the UK since March 2021, which may influence these issues with CBD products in the future. 26 Conversely, cannabis use has been associated with increased risk of developing cannabis use disorder and psychosis. 27 28 These effects are attributable to THC, which has been shown during acute administration to produce transient psychotic symptoms and impaired memory in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and cannabidiol use among autistic and non-autistic adults in the UK: a propensity score-matched analysis

et al. 2021

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ObjectivesTo assess whether autistic and non-autistic adults differ in their cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) use, their perceptions of cannabinoid products and their cannabinoid-related support-seeking behaviours.DesignCross-sectional survey.ParticipantsRespondents to an online survey, who self-reported an autism-spectrum disorder diagnosis (autistic participants) or no issues relating to autism (controls). Exclusion criteria were: related/subclinical issues relating to autism, non-UK residence, under 16 years old. Propensity score matching was used to match autistic participants and controls on age, gender and ethnicity. The full-sample analysis included 269 participants and the propensity-matched sample analysis included 166 participants. Propensity-matched analysis was used for primary analysis and was considered robust if supported by triangulation with full-sample analysis.ResultsAutistic participants were more likely to have used CBD in the past 12 months compared with controls (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.57 to 7.87, p=0.002). They used CBD on more days in the past 12 months (M=34, SD=93) compared with controls (M=17, SD=69, p=0.002). Autistic participants reported trusting the news and doctors less as sources of cannabinoid-related information than controls (p=0.024 and p=0.003, respectively). Autistic participants endorsed the following barriers to cannabinoid-related support seeking more than controls: ‘worrying they won’t understand me’ (OR=3.25, 95% CI 1.67 to 6.33, p<0.001), ‘going somewhere unfamiliar’ (OR=5.29, 95% CI 2.62 to 10.67, p<0.001) and ‘being in a crowded or chaotic place’ (OR=9.79, 95% CI 4.18 to 22.89, p<0.001).ConclusionResults indicate a higher prevalence and frequency of CBD use, but not cannabis use, among autistic individuals compared with controls. Findings also suggest appropriate methods to disseminate cannabinoid-related support to autistic individuals, and indicate differences in the potential barriers autistic and non-autistic individuals may face when seeking cannabinoid-related support.

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“…E-liquids containing the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) as well as CBD-rich but ∆ 9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-poor varieties of cannabis are offered for consumption, but depending on the jurisdiction are not allowed to exceed certain thresholds of THC [1][2][3] . Unlike international standards for evaluating tobacco cigarettes, which typically apply routine analytical cigarette smoking machines, the regulatory acceptability of cannabis preparations for vaping or smoking is currently determined by analyzing the e-liquid or the low-THC cannabis in the preparation as it is sold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Absence of Relevant Thermal Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in E-Cigarette Vapor and Low-THC Cannabis Smoke

Hindelang¹,

Scharinger²,

Golombek³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Introduction: Recent research claimed that cannabidiol (CBD) in commercial electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) liquids can be converted into psychotropic amounts of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study aims to validate this claim by a realistic e-cigarette setup. Additionally, this study also investigates if such a conversion may occur during smoking of CBD-rich cannabis joints. Methods: Two different CBD-liquids were vaporized using two different e-cigarette models, one of which was operated at extreme energy settings (0.2 Ω and 200 W). The smoke of six CBD joints was collected using a rotary smoking machine according to ISO 4387:2019. Analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry as well as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: For the condensed e-cigarette liquids, no increase in THC concentration could be observed. For the CBD joints, no formation of THC was provable. The recovered THC concentrations were ranging between 1% and 48% of the THC amount initially contained in the joints before smoking. Conclusions: Using realistic conditions of consumer exposure, relevant conversion of CBD to THC appears not to be occurring. The health risk of CBD liquids for electronic cigarettes as well as low-THC cannabis intended for smoking can be assessed by the concentrations in the source material without need to consider significant changes in psychotropic compounds during use by consumers.

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Cannabis sativa L. and Its Extracts: Regulation of Cannabidiol in the European Union and United Kingdom

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement

Applications of Cannabis Sativa L. in Food and Its Therapeutic Potential: From a Prohibited Drug to a Nutritional Supplement

Cannabis and cannabidiol use among autistic and non-autistic adults in the UK: a propensity score-matched analysis

Absence of Relevant Thermal Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) to Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in E-Cigarette Vapor and Low-THC Cannabis Smoke

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