Bocaparvovirus , Erythroparvovirus and Tetraparvovirus in New World Primates from Central America

Abstract

Parvoviruses in the genera Bocaparvovirus (HBoV), Erythroparvovirus (B19) and Tetraparvovirus (PARV4) are the only autonomous parvoviruses known to be associated with human and non‐human primates based on studies and clinical cases in humans worldwide and non‐human primates in Asia and Africa. Here, the presence of these agents with pathogenic potential was assessed by PCR in blood and faeces from 55 howler monkeys, 112 white‐face monkeys, 3 squirrel monkeys and 127 spider monkeys in Costa Rica and El Salvador. Overall, 3.7% (11/297) of the monkeys had HboV DNA, 0.67% (2/297) had B19 DNA, and 14.1% (42/297) had PARV4 DNA, representing the first detection of these viruses in New World Primates (NWP). Sex was significantly associated with the presence of HBoV, males having greater risk up to nine times compared with females. Captivity was associated with increased prevalence for PARV4 and when all viruses were analysed together. This study provides compelling molecular evidence of parvoviruses in NWPs and underscores the importance of future research aimed at understanding how these viruses behave in natural environments of the Neotropics and what variables may favour their presence and transmission.

Parvovirus 4 in Individuals with Severe Hemophilia A and Matched Control Group

“…The DNA extraction performed according to High Pure Viral NucleicAcid Kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) manufacture’s protocol. Nested PCR method was used to detect the presence of PARV4 using previously described the primer pair 21 , 22 . Targeting a highly conserved 161 bp fragment within the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) related to NS1 of PARV4.The sequences of the primer pairs consist of PV4ORF1F1 (5′-AAGACTACATACCTACCTGTG-3′), PV4ORF1R2 (5′-GTGCCTTTCATATTCAGTTCC-3′), PV4ORF1F2 (5′-GTTGATGGYCCTGTGGTTAG-3′) and PV4ORF1R2 (5′-CCTTTCATATTCAGTTCCTGTTCAC-3′).…”

“…Now, no association was found between clinical syndrome and parvovirus 4 infections. In most of the cases, the infection is an asymptomatic and self-limiting event 20 , 21 .…”

Infectious diseases of neotropical primates

“…Its relevance and role as a zoonotic agent in NWP is poorly known, especially in a wild environment. Chaves et al (34) investigated by blood PCR the prevalence of three parvovirus groups (Bocaparvovirus-HBoV, Erythroparvovirus-B19 and Tetraparvovirus-PARV4) in captive and free-ranging howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), white-face monkeys (Cebus imitator), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii) from Central America for 15 years. In this study they found evidence of PARV4 infection, both in captive and free-ranging animals, in howler monkeys, capuchins and spider monkeys.…”

“…HBoV and B19 were identified only in howler monkeys and capuchins, both from wildlife. The authors discussed that the identification of these viruses in the blood could indicate an active infection with viremia and the similarity between the human and NWP strains from these cases may indicate a cross-species transmission with a zoonotic potential (34).…”

Small but mighty: old and new parvoviruses of veterinary significance

“…Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is common in humans, and can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic, with a wide range of clinical diseases including erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children, chronic arthropathy in adults, hydrops fetalis, and transient aplastic crisis [ 228 – 230 ]. Recently, a B19V-related virus was detected in free-ranging and captive new world primates in Central America [ 231 ]. Simian parvovirus (SPV, Primate erythroparvovirus 2 ) shares features with B19V, including its molecular structure and tropism for the bone marrow, but most infections are non-pathogenic except in immunosuppressed or anemic monkeys [ 53 , 54 ].…”