Hygienic Evaluation of the Quality of Drinking Water and Risks for the Health of the Population of the Primorye Territory

Abstract

Ntroduction. The assessment of water quality and safety of centralized water supply systems in the Primorsky Krai was carried out in order to assess hygiene levels of public health risks associated with drinking water from the distribution network. Material and methods. The data of laboratory studies on sanitary and chemical parameters in drinking water of the distribution network of the Primorsky region were used. Hygienic assessment of drinking water was carried out according to regulatory requirements, the effect of summation of biological effect was calculated. The work used methodological recommendations for calculating the index of chemical water pollution and the utility coefficient, as well as a guide for assessing the health risks of the population when exposed to chemicals of a non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic nature. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated for all potable water of centralized water supply based on the average daily intake dose and the reference dose of chemicals supplied with drinking water. The risk profile for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was achieved by comparing exposure levels with reference concentrations (safe) for human health. The risk profile for the combined effects of chemical compounds is based on the calculation of the hazard index (HI). A study on carcinogenic risk was carried out for substances that are identified as carcinogens according to the classification of an international agency for the study of cancer. For the analysis and statistical processing of information, the program "MS Excel" was used. Results. An assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological safety of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the region showed that the highest contribution to poor health is made by the content of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon, and petroleum products in drinking water. According to the values of hazard indices, the skin and mucous membranes, the central nervous system, the immune system, the endocrine system, the circulatory and digestive organs are exposed to adverse effects from chemicals in drinking water. The individual carcinogenic risk ranges from negligibly small to the upper limit of acceptable carcinogenic risk. Assessment of the potable water value indicator revealed a deficit situation in calcium, sodium, fluorine and general mineralization of water. The risk assessment for arsenic, tetrachlorethylene, and chloroform, which have carcinogenic properties and are the most important pollutants of drinking water, has shown that the individual risk levels for these substances are within the first and second ranges, which corresponds to the allowable and maximum allowable risk. Discussion. Arsenic concentration in adults was found to be not detected with risks greater than one, while for children, the non-carcinogenic risk from arsenic exceeded the level of safe exposure (HQ> 1), because children are more susceptible to toxic substances due to their relatively large volume of respiration and the rate of gastrointestinal absorption (due to greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium), and also due to the immature system of detoxification enzymes and a relatively lower rate of excretion of toxic chemicals. According to the level of non-carcinogenic risk for children, nitrates follow arsenic. Nitrates have a hypoxic effect, increasing the concentration of the irreversible form of hemoglobin - methemoglobin. The toxicity of nitrates is related to their transformation into the human body into nitrosamines. As a result, the child's organism responds more sharply than in adults to the presence of chemicals in the water. The general mineralization of drinking water is one of the integral index of the quality of drinking water. Calcium and magnesium deficiency can be an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases and manifest pathologies of the cardiovascular system: coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, myocardial infarction, etc. The tap water is known to be is not overloaded with carbonates, since they can lead to spoilage of water pipes. Therefore, to enrich the water with calcium and magnesium, the technology of creating bottled water uses mineral additives, which means that such water can become an additional source of minerals. Conclusion. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of centralized systems of domestic and drinking water supply in the Primorsky Territory has shown that the quality of drinking water depends on the concentration of arsenic, nitrates, iron, silicon and petroleum products. It should be noted that with the daily use of water from the distribution network throughout life, the likelihood of developing harmful effects on the health of adults and children is insignificant.

Hygienic assessment of population health risks caused by combined oral introduction of heavy metals

“…When exposure to contaminants in food products and drinking water is determined, it allows not only to identify probable outcomes for population health but also to indirectly trace migration routes for examined alien chemicals in the environment [8][9][10][11]. Previous research that focused on hygienic assessment of heavy metals and microelements in environmental objects substantiates a biochemical province concept and makes it necessary to explore peculiarities and essence of inter-media migration taking into account regional peculiarities [12][13][14][15]. In this respect, if we assess a combined introduction of heavy metals with food products and drinking water, it will help us determine population health risks caused by oral introduction of heavy metals and reduce uncertainties [6, [16][17][18][19].…”

Drinking water quality: health risk factors and efficiency of control and surveillance activities by Rospotrebnadzor

“…Даже в Европе и Северной Америке около 57 млн человек не имеют водопроводов в своих домах. По оценкам специалистов ВОЗ 3 , каждый доллар, вложенный в улучшение качества питьевой воды, санитарии, гигиены и систем по управлению водными ресурсами, приносит пользы на 8 долларов.…”

“…В 2018 г. в Российской Федерации с загрязнением питьевой воды химическими веществами (хлор и хлорорганические соединения, аммиак, железо, марганец, мышьяк, никель, медь, бор, магний и др.) и микробиологическими агентами было ассоциировано около 16,1 тысячи случаев смерти (по причине болезней системы кровообращения, органов пищеварения, злокачественных новообразований, некоторых инфекционных и паразитарных заболеваний) и 1764,49 тысячи случаев заболеваний органов пи-щеварения, мочеполовой системы, костно-мышечной системы и соединительной ткани, системы кровообращения, кожи и подкожной клетчатки, эндокринной системы и других болезней [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Drinking water quality: health risk factors and efficiency of control and surveillance activities by Rospotrebnadzor

“…timates 3 , each dollar invested into improving drinking water quality, sanitation, hygiene, and water resources management brings 8 dollars as a return.…”

“…In 2018 in the RF approximately 16.1 thousand death cases (due to circulatory system diseases, digestive organs diseases, malignant neoplasms, certain infectious and parasitic diseases) and 1,764.49 thousand diseases in the digestive organs, urogenital system, musculoskeletal system and conjunctive tissue, circulatory system, skin and subcutaneous tissue, endocrine system and some other diseases were caused by drinking water that was contaminated with various chemicals (chlorine and chlorinated organic compounds, ammonia, iron, manganese, arsenic, nickel, copper, boron, magnesium, etc.) and microbe agents [1][2][3][4][5].…”