“…The oxygen deconvolution spectra are displayed in Figure 2 c, with three peaks at 529.07 eV, 530.24 eV, and 531.21 eV. The presence of metal oxide (Co-O) is demonstrated by the peak at 529.07 eV, whereas the presence of oxygen ions in nanoparticles and adsorbed water is shown by the peaks at 530.24 eV and 531.21 eV, respectively [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Figure 2 d additionally displays the carbon deconvolution spectra, which have three separate peak locations at 287.53 eV, 285.51 eV, and 284.10 eV, representing carbon bonds in C=O, C-N, and C-C, respectively [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”