Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae: Influence of zeolites based catalyst on products

Study on the hydrothermal liquefaction of antibiotic residues with molecular sieve catalysts in the ethanol–water system: focus on product distribution and characterization

“…When the content of HZSM-5/MCM-41/g-Al 2 O 3 reaches 15%, 15% and 20%, respectively, the nitrogen contents of bio-oil reached up to 25.33%, 20.55% and 20.1%, respectively. This is similar to the results of studies from Ma, 35 Cheng 41 and Chen, 12 which may be because the special pore structure of these three catalysts can provide more catalytic reaction sites, leading to more nitrogencontaining substances entering the bio-oil. At the same time, in the initial stage of HTL, the antibiotic residue can be hydrolyzed as sugars and amino acids.…”

“…Meanwhile, the N content in bio-oil is also increased, which is similar to the results of Ma's study. 35 This is mainly because of the fact that adding catalyst will lower HTL in the synthetic reaction activation energy, making partial N gaseous products stay in the bio-oil or aqueous phase in the product. At the same time, HZSM-5/MCM-41 and γ-Al 2 O 3 three kinds of molecular sieve catalysts have a larger specific surface area, which would provide more catalytic reaction sites, thereby increasing the reaction in the raw material of nitrogenous substances converted into bio-oil.…”

“…According to Ma's study, 35 the aqueous phase products contain valuable nutrients (such as NH 3 -N, TOC, TN, and pH), so we analyzed the nutrients in the aqueous phase products. The TN, TOC, NH 3 -N, and pH of aqueous phase products obtained from the catalytic HTL and non-catalytic are shown in Table 3.…”

The Application of Catalytic Processes on the Production of Algae-Based Biofuels: A Review

“…[177][178][179], Ulva sp. [180], and a mixture of microalgal species [181] have been studied using different heterogeneous catalysts of including supported metal catalysts (such as Pd, Pt, Ni, and Ru), metal oxide catalyst, and metals supported on Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and zeolites. However, the influence of metal catalysts in the biocrude yield is complex, and not all of the evaluated metals can positively improve the yield, even some of them can significantly reduce the overall performance of HTL.…”

Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Algae and Upgrading of Algal Oil for the Production of High-Grade Liquid Fuel: A Review

“…Conversion of algae in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts might cover the deficiency of homogeneous catalysts. Commonly, heterogeneous catalysts include zeolites (e.g., H-ZSM-5), supported metal catalysts (Pt/C), and other metal oxide supported catalysts (e.g., sulfide CoMo/Al 2 O 3 and Ni/TiO 2 ) [117][118][119]. These materials have strong activity for bonds cleavage, resulting in facilitation of macromolecule degradation and conversion of oxygenates and nitrogenates to high-grade hydrocarbons.…”