Hydrodistillation ultrasound‐assisted green extraction of essential oil from bitter orange peel wastes: Optimization for quantitative, phenolic, and antioxidant properties

Abstract

In this research, hydrodistillation ultrasonic-assisted green technique was applied to extract the essential oils from bitter orange peel. The effects of independent factors (volume/mass ratio (X 1 ), ultrasonic time (X 2 ) and hydrodistillation extraction time (X 3 )) on the quantitative, phenolic and antioxidant properties of essential oils were investigated. Linear and quadratic polynomial models with suitable ANOVA results (model p-values <0.0003, R 2 values of 0.84-0.95, adjusted R 2 values of 0.82-0.90, predicted R 2 values of 0.71-0.75, and lack of fit p-values >0.5) were used for fitting the responses. Two optimal extraction conditions for bitter orange peel essential oils were determined as follows: optimum responses (OR) with maximum essential oil volume (0.99 ml), maximum TPC (108.33 mg GAE/100 ml) and minimum IC 50 (251.56 µl) could be achieved at X 1 : 6.00 ml/g, X 2: 39.10 min and X 3 : 4.72 hr, and optimum phenolic compounds (OP) with maximum TPC of 190.75 mg GAE/100 ml could be obtained at X 1: 13.89 ml/gr, X 2: 3.75 min and X 3 : 4.92 hr. The most predicted values for optimum conditions were in good agreement with experimental data. The disk diffusion experiments showed high antimicrobial activities of the optimum essential oils against E. coli. The GC-MS results proved limonene was the main compound in both optimum essential oils. These bitter orange peel essential oils with suitable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and healthy compositions, could be considered as dietary and pharmaceutical supplements. Practical applicationsPeel wastes of bitter orange were used for green hydrodistillation ultrasonic-assisted extraction of essential oil. The optimum treatments indicated a good phenolic content with suitable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Limonene, a pharmaceutical monoterpene hydrocarbon, was the main component of the optimum essential oils.Therefore, these environmentally friendly extracted essential oils could potentially be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of Influencing Factors and Technological Processes for the Production of Orange Essential Oil (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>) on Equipment Semi-industrial Distillation

“…Therefore, the main compound present in orange essential oil in Vietnam in this study is limonene, accounting for more than 98%, higher than in previous studies. This also helps other studies to show that oranges contain high amount of limonene, which has good fragrance, antibacterial and antioxidant properties in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products [26][27].…”

“…In this study 2006 [27] 2010 [39] 2012 [30] 2019 [1] 2019 [3] 2020 [40] 2020 [41] 2021 [ In addition, this can also be shown that because each geographical region, climatic conditions, farming, and harvesting conditions will greatly affect the quality as well as the content of volatile compounds present in the plants.…”

Prospects of ultrasonically extracted food bioactives in the field of non-invasive biomedical applications – A review

“…The optimal EOs have high antibacterial activity against E. coli. These bitter orange peel essential oils could be used as dietary and medicinal supplements because of their antioxidant, antibacterial properties, and healthful compositions [49] . Their influence supports the antibacterial action of essential oils on cell membrane permeability by sonochemical effect, which causes disruptions in meaningful activities such as nutrition processing, structural macromolecule synthesis, energy production, membrane transport, and growth regulators [49] .…”

“…These bitter orange peel essential oils could be used as dietary and medicinal supplements because of their antioxidant, antibacterial properties, and healthful compositions [49] . Their influence supports the antibacterial action of essential oils on cell membrane permeability by sonochemical effect, which causes disruptions in meaningful activities such as nutrition processing, structural macromolecule synthesis, energy production, membrane transport, and growth regulators [49] . The antibacterial action of essential oils is supported by their influence on cell membrane permeability, which causes disruptions in essential activities such as nutrition processing, structural macromolecule synthesis, energy production, membrane transport, and growth regulators [49] .…”

“…This work studies hawthorn extract and its effect on serum oxidative status and alveolar bone loss. By modulating TAS (total antioxidant status), TOS (total oxidant status), and OSI (oxidative stress index) levels in periodontal tissues, hawthorn extract inhibited periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss for 11 days [49] . The positive changes are due to hawthorn extract's antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [55] .…”