Hybrid polymer/sol–gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro–optic coefficients

Enami, Yasufumi; DeRose, Chris; Mathine, D.; Loychik, C.; Greenlee, C.; Norwood, Robert A.; Kim, Tae‐Dong; Luo, Jingdong; Tian, Yanqing; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Peyghambarian, N.

doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.25

Cited by 336 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This is the highest reported EO coefficien in an SOH device, and it even exceeds the previously reported record value of a fully organic MZM, where 137 pm/V were measured [34]. Note that a significantl larger poling efficien y is observed in the bulk BCOG (2.85 nm 2 /V 2 ), but also here, low in-device poling efficien y is compensated by the fact that higher poling field can be applied in the slot waveguide as compared to the bulk material.…”

Section: Binary Chromophore Organic Glasscontrasting

confidence: 47%

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Palmer

Koeber

Elder

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

137

133

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Abstract-We report on the hybrid integration of silicon-oninsulator slot waveguides with organic electro-optic materials. We investigate and compare a polymer composite, a dendron-based material, and a binary-chromophore organic glass (BCOG). A record-high in-device electro-optic coefficient of 230 pm/V is found for the BCOG approach resulting in silicon-organic hybrid MachZehnder modulators that feature low U π L-products of down to 0.52 Vmm and support data rates of up to 40 Gbit/s.

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Section: Binary Chromophore Organic Glasscontrasting

confidence: 47%

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Palmer

Koeber

Elder

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

137

133

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“…Two identical HM waveguides composed of alternating metal-dielectric multi layers [25,26] with a square cross section of 250 nm × 250 nm are placed adjacent to the both sides of a nonlinear organic polymer in the slot (height g = 20 nm). The assumed polymer is a doped, cross-linked organic polymer with a nonlinear susceptibility of χ (2) 111 = 619 pm/V [15,27] and refractive index n = 1.68 at the wavelength of λ = 1,550 nm (n = 1.58 at λ 3,100 nm) [24]. The hyperbolic metamaterials were composed by alternate thin layers of silver (Ag, filling ratio f r ) and germanium (Ge) with a pitch thickness of 10 nm [24].…”

Section: Waveguide Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient second harmonic generation in hyperbolic metamaterial slot waveguides with large phase matching tolerance

Sun¹,

Zhang²,

Cheng³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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Highly efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) bridging the mid-infrared (IR) and near-IR wavelengths in a coupled hyperbolic metamaterial waveguide with a nonlinear-polymer-filled nanoscale slot is theoretically investigated. By engineering the geometrical parameters, the collinear phase matching condition is satisfied between the even hybrid modes at the fundamental frequency (3,100 nm) and the second harmonic (1,550 nm). Two modes manifest the great field overlap and the significant field enhancement in the nonlinear integration area (i.e. the slot), which leads to extreme large nonlinear coupling coefficient. For a low pumping power of 100 mW, the device length is as short as 2.19 µm and the normalized conversion efficiency comes up to more than 6.37 × 10 5 W −1 cm −2 which outperforms that of the plasmonic-based structures. Moreover, the efficient SHG can be achieved with great phase matching tolerance, i.e., a small theoretical fabrication-error sensitivity to filling ratio and a broad pump bandwidth in a compact device length of 2.19 µm using 100 mW pump. The proposed scheme links the mature near-IR devices to the mid-IR regime and have a great potential for integrated chip-scale alloptical signal processes.

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“…2 Hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel modulators have realized the highest possible in-device poling efficiency (ratio of EO coefficient in a device to maximum EO coefficient experimentally obtained in a single EO polymer film) of ∼100% because the electrical conductivity of the sol-gel cladding is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the EO polymer layer. 3 This efficiency has not been easily achieved in all polymeric devices 4 and silicon (Si) slot waveguide structures. 5 A V π of 1 V at 1550 nm achieved for our hybrid waveguide modulators remained unchanged after they were exposed to air for one month.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 A V π of 1 V at 1550 nm achieved for our hybrid waveguide modulators remained unchanged after they were exposed to air for one month. 3 Moreover, hybrid EO polymer/solgel waveguide modulators have a low coupling loss of 0.1 dB with the standard optical fiber SMF-28, 3 and high photostability for optical coupling and waveguiding. Even though the refractive index of the EO polymer core changes by 0.01-0.1 because of photochemical reactions, stable optical transmissions have been achieved using a three-dimensional beam propagation method for hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel silica waveguide modulators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short hybrid polymer/sol-gel silica waveguide switches with high in-device electro-optic coefficient based on photostable chromophore

2011

Self Cite

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The highest electro-optic (EO) coefficient to date is achieved in short polymeric directional coupler switches based on hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel silica waveguides. Optimized poling conditions in such waveguides give a highest in-device EO coefficient of 160 pm/V at 1550 nm using highly efficient and photostable guest–host EO polymer SEO100. Adiabatic waveguide transitions from the passive sol-gel core to active EO polymer cores surrounding the sol-gel core are shown using EO polymer cores with a coplanar tapered structure. Switching voltages of 8.4 and 10.5 V are achieved for electrodes that are 2.1 and 1.5 mm long, respectively, which are half those of EO switches containing the chromophore AJLS102

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Hybrid polymer/sol–gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro–optic coefficients

Cited by 336 publications

References 31 publications

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

High-Speed, Low Drive-Voltage Silicon-Organic Hybrid Modulator Based on a Binary-Chromophore Electro-Optic Material

Highly efficient second harmonic generation in hyperbolic metamaterial slot waveguides with large phase matching tolerance

Short hybrid polymer/sol-gel silica waveguide switches with high in-device electro-optic coefficient based on photostable chromophore

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