Hybrid integrated optics in volume holographic photopolymer

Three-dimensional direct-write lithography into photopolymer

“…By coupling this writing flexibility with the ability to embed optical elements in the material, photopolymers have the potential for hybrid integrated optical circuits that would incorporate many different types of materials and systems in a single package. 20 Commercially available photopolymer systems are optimized for low diffraction efficiency hologram recording for optical data storage. 8,9 The photopolymers are designed to create index changes that are linearly proportional to the energy deposited in the material by the incident light.…”

Scanning transmission microscopy using a position-sensitive detector

“…The waveguide was written by scanning the focus of a beam along the desired path of the waveguide, thereby exposing the photopolymer to create a local high-index guiding channel. 3 The instrument's sensitivity is demonstrated by the clear contrast between the fiber and the nearly indexmatched photopolymer. The ϳ3 m fiber core, which has an index contrast of only ⌬n ϭ 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 versus the cladding ͑ϳ2 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 waves of delay), is also visible.…”

“…New 3D manufacturing technologies are renewing interest in volumetric phase structures for engineering applications such as holographic data storage 1,2 and optical device integration using direct-write waveguides in photopolymer 3,4 or fused silica. 5 Transmission mode data holograms and point-written waveguides both occupy spatial frequency bands that are amenable to detection with a microscope in a transmission geometry.…”