Hybrid Electrode Innovations in Triple and Quadruple Dimensions for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Hybrid electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) based on the dimensional combination of various nanomaterials have been widely investigated in recent years. This is an inevitable development trend that seeks to inherit and promote the remarkable achievements of the double designs for an ideal electrode in both performance and stability. However, a clear and in‐depth understanding of the origin of the common progress trends, as well as the opportunities and challenges of such designs, are somewhat elusive due to the lack of detailed reviews of the field. Herein, we present a review of the hybrid electrodes arising from triple and quadruple combinational dimensions in LIB applications. The critical challenges of normal electrode operation are discussed in a detailed way to better understand how interactions and synergistic effects in hybrid design affect the mechanical aspects, electrochemical properties, performance and cycle life of batteries. Finally, the developments and innovations in future electrodes based on these higher‐dimensional hybrid designs are presented.

Recent advances in hierarchical anode designs of TiO 2 ‐B nanostructures for lithium‐ion batteries

“…It was explained that as TiO 2 ‐B had open channels along the [010] axis, the exposure of other nanomaterials to these (010) facets could be beneficial for improving Li + transport and storage (Figure 7C). More interestingly, if the combination of 0D, 1D TiO 2 ‐B nanomaterials and graphene/graphene derivatives creates point‐to‐face and line‐to‐face contacts, a (2‐2) hybrid structure would create a larger exposure interface domain arising from face‐to‐face contact 140,163 . In addition, the formation of Ti 3+ ‐C bonds between Ti 3+ surface states and defect carbon moieties of rGO during the photocatalytic process effectively prevented restacking and agglomeration and remarkably promoted the electronic conductivity (interfacial charge transfer) in this hybrid design.…”

“…More interestingly, if the combination of 0D, 1D TiO 2 -B nanomaterials and graphene/graphene derivatives creates point-to-face and line-to-face contacts, a (2-2) hybrid structure would create a larger exposure interface domain arising from face-to-face contact. 140,163 In addition, the formation of Ti 3+ -C bonds between Ti 3+ surface states and defect carbon moieties of rGO during the photocatalytic process effectively prevented restacking and agglomeration and remarkably promoted the electronic conductivity (interfacial charge transfer) in this hybrid design. During the investigation of the electrochemical performance, the hybrid electrode exhibited a higher specific capacity of 275 mAh g À1 than pure TiO 2 -B nanosheets of 225 mAh g À1 at the same 1 C. Even at a high current density of 40 C, it still achieved 200 mAh g À1 with Coulombic efficiency (CE) near 100% (Figure 7D).…”

“…Finally, the carbon coatings guaranteed to provide abundant percolation pathways, further prevented the close restacking of the TiO 2 -B nanosheets, and created a uniform and stable encapsulation, alleviating the mechanical pressure, cracking, and falling of active materials on the TiO 2 -B matrix. 140,155,163 Acting as an anode in a Li cell, the electrode provided a superior reversible capacity of about 763 mAh g À1 after 200 cycles at 500 mA g À1 . At a higher current of 10 000 mA g À1 , this value achieved 498 mAh g À1 , which was the highest value of heterostructural electrodes based on the reported TiO 2 -B (Figure 8E).…”

“…While Fe 3 O 4 NPs was regarded as a crucial component to electrochemical activities, and as good spacer and bridge between TiO 2 ‐B nanosheets with aim of physically isolating them and enlarging the interlayer distance for easy Li + access. Finally, the carbon coatings guaranteed to provide abundant percolation pathways, further prevented the close restacking of the TiO 2 ‐B nanosheets, and created a uniform and stable encapsulation, alleviating the mechanical pressure, cracking, and falling of active materials on the TiO 2 ‐B matrix 140,155,163 . Acting as an anode in a Li cell, the electrode provided a superior reversible capacity of about 763 mAh g −1 after 200 cycles at 500 mA g −1 .…”

Scalable Synthesis of Ga2O3/N‐Doped C Nanopapers as High‐Rate Performance Anode for Li‐Ion Batteries

“…Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the power sources of portable electrics for decades owing to its combined merits of high energy density, low self‐discharge and memory free properties [1–4] . However, as power supply for the coming electric vehicles, it is still urgent to improve the energy density and safety performance of LIBs.…”