Human trafficking for labour exploitation:<br> Interpreting the crime

How Human Trafficking Fuels Erosion of Liberal Democracies—In Fiction and Fact, and from within and without

“…This emphasis on sexuality also offers a further explanation than the one provided above by Miller-Idriss for the topic of this article, human trafficking, because it is quite noticeable that conspiracists emphasize sex trafficking rather than any other forms. Those other forms of human trafficking include labor trafficking, the forced commission of crimes, forced services like domestic servitude or, where not criminalized, forced begging, and for the purpose of organ removal, as will be dealt with in more detail in the next section (Shelley 2013;Coster van Voorhout 2009. According to Snyder, President Putin seems to have resurrected 'Leonid Brezhnev's permanent enemy'-'the decadent West had returned: but this time the decadence would be of a more explicitly sexual variety' (Snyder 2018, p. 53) This method of spreading disinformation as to how sex trafficking is supposedly rampant in liberal democracies indeed seems to emphasize the purported depraved nature and decadency of the West.…”

“…Second, human trafficking covers an enormous spectrum, ranging from the sex sphere to business sectors like agriculture, restaurants, transportation, forced commission of -drug or other-crimes or begging and organ removal (Shelley 2013;Coster van Voorhout 2009. The commodities produced by trafficked persons range from clothing to electronics and food, and the profits made by their sale are often not easily distinguished from licit flows of money.…”

“…29 Second and as a related issue, criminals tend to be opportunistic in that they go where 'business' opportunities drive them. As a cynical remark about the latter, commodities like drugs can be used once only, whereas persons can be exploited over and over (Coster van Voorhout 2009. In other words, persons are a continuous source of 'income' to which criminals will likely resort more in the future, especially as more persons become vulnerable to exploitation.…”

EU protection of the substantive criminal law principles of guilt and ne bis in idem under the Charter of Fundamental Rights

“…This has produced several well-known examples of broad definitions, such as those on money laundering 12 and on trafficking in human beings. 13 The European Commission, in particular, seems intent on continuing in the same vein. The Commission also argues in favour of minimum penalties at the EU level, to complement the usual minimum levels for maximum penalties.…”