Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2a Strains Among HIV Type 1-Coinfected Patients from Brazil Have Originated Mostly from Brazilian Amerindians

Abstract

The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is found mainly in Amerindians and in intravenous drug users (IDUs) from urban areas of the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Worldwide, HTLV-2a and HTLV-2b subtypes are the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-2 isolates from Brazil showed the HTLV-2a subtype, variant -2c, which spread from Indians to the general population and IDUs. The present study searched for the types of HTLV-2 that predominate among HIV-1-coinfected patients from southern and southeastern Brazil. Molecular characterization of the LTR, env, and tax regions of 38 isolates confirmed the HTLV-2c variant in 37 patients, and one HTLV-2b in a patient from Paraguay. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed different clades of HTLV-2 associated with risk factors and geographic region. These clades could represent different routes of virus transmission and/or little diverse evolutionary rates of virus. Taking into account the results obtained in the present study and the lack of the prototypic North American HTLV-2a strain and HTLV

Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED

“…On the other hand, Amerindians with high HTLV-2 prevalence almost exclusively carry the HTLV-2B genotype [442,445,446,488,489]. HTLV-2B was also the prevalent genotype in Mexico [345,420] and Panama [490], while HTLV-2A [491] and -2C [492] have been found in Brazilian Amerindians co-infected with HIV, and HTLV-2A in healthy Kayapo Amerindians [493]. This is important because, although published studies support a relative high incidence of ATLL in South American countries, the disease seems most prevalent among mestizo and Caucasian populations than among Amerindians, despite their higher HTLV-2 positivity.…”

DNA Microenvironment Monitored by Controlling Redox Blinking

“…[6] R6G was attached at the loop region of the molecular-beacontype probe 1t oe xpose R6G to the solvent; meanwhile, R6G was buried in the duplex in the presence of target gene 3 (human T-cell lymphotropicv irus type 2D NA [AF412314]). [10] As ac ontrol,w ea lso synthesized aD NA molecular-beacontype probe 2with Alexa 488 as the fluorophore.…”

Single‐Molecule Monitoring of the Structural Switching Dynamics of Nucleic Acids through Controlling Fluorescence Blinking

“…ATTO 655 was attached at the loop region of the molecular-beacon-type probe 1 to expose it to the solvent. In the presence of the target gene human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2D NA [AF412314] (2), [41] ATTO 655 was buried in the context of the duplex (1:2) ( Figure 2a). Them olecular-beacon-type probe was tethered with biotin at the 5'-end and was immobilized on ag lass surface through well-established streptavidin-biotin chemistry.…”