Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED

Chabay, Paola; Lens, Daniela; Hassan, Rocio; Pinilla, Socorro María Rodríguez; Valvert, Fabiola; Rivera, Iris; Garaicoa, Fuad Huamán; Ranuncolo, Stella Maris; Barrionuevo, Carlos; Sánchez, Alejandra Consuelo; Scholl, Vanesa; Matteo, Elena De; Preciado, María Victoria; Fuentes‐Pananá, Ezequiel M.

doi:10.3390/cancers12082166

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 447 publications

(460 reference statements)

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“…It was in cultures of these tumour cells that EBV was discovered by electron microscopy (Epstein et al 1964). According to the WHO, three groups of BL exist: eBL, which overlaps with P. falciparum endemic areas; sporadic BL, which develops outside of P. falciparum endemic areas; and immunodeficiency-associated BL (further described below under "EBV-associated Immunosuppressive cancers") (Molyneux et al 2012;Chabay et al 2020). eBL is a prevalent childhood cancer in Equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea and affects approximately 3-6 per 100,000 children under the age of 14, and between 81 and 100% of all cases are EBV-positive (Magrath 2012;Plummer et al 2016;Hammerl et al 2019).…”

Section: Burkitt Lymphomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…eBL is a prevalent childhood cancer in Equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea and affects approximately 3-6 per 100,000 children under the age of 14, and between 81 and 100% of all cases are EBV-positive (Magrath 2012;Plummer et al 2016;Hammerl et al 2019). In Latin America, EBV association frequencies are lower, occurring in 29-87% of BL cases with frequencies increasing with geographic latitude (Chabay et al 2020). Approximately 10-15% of sporadic BL cases are EBV-associated and a recent study referencing the GLOBOCAN 2018 database estimated that globally, around 6600 (55%) new cases of BL in 2018 were EBV-associated (Mawson and Majumdar 2017;de Martel et al 2020).…”

Section: Burkitt Lymphomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the global burden of Epstein–Barr virus-related cancers

Wong

Meehan

Burrows

et al. 2021

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol

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Background More than 90% of the adult population globally is chronically infected by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is well established that EBV is associated with a number of malignancies, and advances in knowledge of EBV-related malignancies are being made every year. Several studies have analysed the global epidemiology and geographic distribution of EBV-related cancers. However, most have only described a single cancer type or subtype in isolation or limited their study to the three or four most common EBV-related cancers. This review will present an overview on the spectrum of cancers linked to EBV based on observations of associations and proportions in the published literature while also using these observations to estimate the incidence and mortality burden of some of these cancers. Method We have reviewed the literature on defining features, distribution and outcomes across six cancers with a relatively large EBV-related case burden: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Gastric carcinoma (GC), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, Nasal type (ENKTL-NT). We retrieved published region-specific EBV-related case proportions for NPC, GC, HL and BL and performed meta-analyses on pooled region-specific studies of EBV-related case proportions for DLBCL and ENKTL-NT. We match these pooled proportions with their respective regional incidence and mortality numbers retrieved from a publicly available cancer database. Additionally, we also reviewed the literature on several other less common EBV-related cancers to summarize their key characteristics herein. Conclusion We estimated that EBV-related cases from these six cancers accounted for 239,700–357,900 new cases and 137,900–208,700 deaths in 2020. This review highlights the significant global impact of EBV-related cancers and extends the spectrum of disease that could benefit from an EBV-specific therapeutic.

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“…Our analysis suggests that measurements of EBV copy number in plasma may be a promising diagnostic marker for endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Africa and BL occurring in other regions, such as Latin America ( 30 ), with high proportions of EBV(+) BL. These results warrant exploration in larger studies, which would further characterize the clinical scenarios that might benefit most for such plasma DNA assessments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Plasma EBV DNA: A Promising Diagnostic Marker for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma

Xian¹,

Kinyera²,

Otim³

et al. 2021

Front. Oncol.

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Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common childhood cancer in regions of equatorial Africa where P. falciparum malaria is holoendemic. The tumor is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Screening for EBV DNA in plasma in a high-risk population in Hong Kong has been shown to be useful in facilitating the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, another EBV-associated tumor. Here, we investigate plasma EBV as a diagnostic marker for eBL in children in Uganda. We studied plasma specimens from 25 children with eBL and 25 controls matched for age (<3-16 years), gender and geography, including many with asymptomatic P. falciparum infection. These specimens were previously collected under the auspices of the EMBLEM (Epidemiology of Burkitt lymphoma in East African children and minors) study. After cell-free DNA isolation, plasma EBV DNA was measured using a quantitative PCR assay that amplifies the large internal repeats of the EBV genome. All children with eBL had measurable plasma EBV, as compared to 84% of control children. The median plasma EBV DNA level was 5.23 log10 copies/mL (interquartile range 3.54-6.08 log10 copies/mL) in children with eBL. In contrast, the median plasma EBV DNA level was 0.37 log10 copies/mL (interquartile range 0.18-1.05 log10 copies/mL) in children without lymphoma. An EBV threshold of 2.52 log10 copies/mL yielded a sensitivity of.88 and a specificity of 1. The estimated AUC was 0.936 (95% CI: 0.8496 – 1.00) for the corresponding ROC curve. Plasma EBV copy number did not depend on age, gender, or malaria screening status. However, two control children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infection and parasitemia also had high plasma EBV copy number. Our analysis suggests that measurements of EBV copy number in plasma may be useful in identifying children with eBL versus control children. A promising area for future research is the differentiation of high copy number associated with tumor versus high copy number associated with asymptomatic parasitemia.

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“…Clinico-epidemiologically, KS is classified into four types: classic indolent KS, endemic African KS, AIDS-associated KS, and iatrogenic KS. KSHV is consistently detected in all subtypes, suggesting that the pathogenesis is associated with epidemiological distribution and/or immunosuppression [ 247 , 248 ]. Although clinical KS shows a multistage disease process (patch, plaque, and nodular stages), the lesions may show regression [ 249 ].…”

Section: Diversity Of Tumor Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-Driven Carcinogenesis

Hatano

Ideta

Hirata

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Even in the era of precision oncology, carcinogens contributing to neoplastic process are still an important focus of research. Comprehensive genomic analyses have revealed various combinations of base substitutions, referred to as the mutational signatures, in cancer. Each mutational signature is believed to arise from specific DNA damage and repair processes, including carcinogens. However, as a type of carcinogen, tumor viruses increase the cancer risk by alternative mechanisms, including insertional mutagenesis, viral oncogenes, and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize virus-driven carcinogenesis to provide a framework for the control of malignant cell proliferation. We first provide a brief overview of oncogenic viruses and describe their implication in virus-related tumors. Next, we describe tumor viruses (HPV, Human papilloma virus; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; MCV, Merkel cell polyoma virus; HTLV-1, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type-1) and tumor virus-related cancers. Lastly, we introduce emerging tumor virus candidates, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2). We expect this review to be a hub in a complex network of data for virus-associated carcinogenesis.

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“…[3][4][5] Individuals with a history of infectious mononucleosis have a higher risk for the development of HL. 6 Staging of the disease is critical for guiding therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary skin involvement in classic Hodgkin lymphoma: Results of an international collaborative cutaneous lymphoma working group study of 25 patients

et al. 2021

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Background: Cutaneous involvement by classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is an extraordinarily rare phenomenon in the current era. To date, no single large case series of cutaneous involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma has ever been reported in the literature.Methods: A comprehensive search for cases designated "skin" and "Hodgkin" was performed at different institutions between 1990 and 2020. Twenty-five cases were identified, and each case was independently reviewed by at least three boardcertified dermatopathologists and/or hematopathologists. Results: All cases represented examples of systemic CHL with secondary skin dissemination. A single lesion, usually a tumor, nodule or infiltrative plaque was observed in 56% of cases and multiple lesions were present in 28% of cases. Most patients (86%-12/14) had a diagnosis of stage IV disease at first diagnosis. The interval between the clinical (first) diagnosis of HL and the development of skin lesions ranged between 6 and 108 months (average 33.75 months). Comprehensive histopathologic evaluation of these cases (at the initial diagnosis) revealed a diagnosis of classic HL not otherwise specified (NOS) in 60% of cases (15/25), nodular sclerosis type in 24% (6/25), mixed cellularity in 12% (3/25), and lymphocyte depleted in 4% (1/25).Conclusions: We provide documentation of a large series of CHL with secondary skin

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Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED

Cited by 13 publications

References 447 publications

Estimating the global burden of Epstein–Barr virus-related cancers

Plasma EBV DNA: A Promising Diagnostic Marker for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma

Virus-Driven Carcinogenesis

Secondary skin involvement in classic Hodgkin lymphoma: Results of an international collaborative cutaneous lymphoma working group study of 25 patients

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