Human Cutaneous Protothecosis: Report of a Case and Literature Review

Seok, Jae Yeon; Lee, Yoonho; Lee, Hyukmin; Yi, Sang Yeop; Oh, Hidemasa; Song, Ji Sun

doi:10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.6.575

Cited by 25 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…In summary, pathogenesis of P. bovis, a globally ubiquitous and environmental (grass, water, trees) algae (Rösler et al, 2003) capable of infecting various vertebrate hosts (Seok et al, 2013;Capra et al, 2014;Carfora et al, 2017) remains poorly understood. Therapeutic control for human and animal protothecosis is on demand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immediately after euthanasia, all mammary glands were excised, weighed, and collected as follows: A portion was incubated into Trizol (Invitrogen) for gene quantification and another fixed in formalin (10%) solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioning (5 µm) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or toluidine blue for histological examination (Seok et al, 2013). Prototheca organisms were identified by specific staining, using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Grocott methenamine silver (GMS).…”

Section: Experimental Induction Of Murine Mastitis By Prototheca Bovismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, Prototheca spp. causes rare chronic skin or articular infections (Seok et al, 2013) or disseminated infections mostly in immunodeficient patients (Tello-Zavala et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Murine and Human Cathelicidins Contribute Differently to Hallmarks of Mastitis Induced by Pathogenic Prototheca bovis Algae

Shahid

Cavalcante

Knight

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Prototheca bovis (formerly P. zopfii genotype-II) is an opportunistic, achlorophyllous alga that causes mastitis in cows and skin disease in cats and dogs, as well as cutaneous lesions in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed humans. Antifungal medications are commonly ineffective. This study aimed to investigate innate immune responses contributed by cathelicidins to P. bovis in the mammary gland using a mastitis model in mice deficient in the sole murine cathelicidin (Camp). We determined P. bovis caused acute mastitis in mice and induced Camp gene transcription. Whereas, Camp −/− and Camp +/+ littermates had similar local algae burden, Camp +/+ mice produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and Cxcl-1. Likewise, Camp +/+ bone marrow-derived macrophages were more responsive to P. bovis, producing more TNF-α and Cxcl-1. Human cathelicidin (LL-37) exhibited a different effect against P. bovis; it had direct algicidal activity against P. bovis and lowered TNF-α, Cxcl-1, and IL-1β production in both cultured murine macrophages and mammary epithelial cells exposed to the pathogenic algae. In conclusion, cathelicidins were involved in protothecosis pathogenesis, with unique roles among the diverse peptide family. Whereas, endogenous cathelicidin (Camp) was key in mammary gland innate defense against P. bovis, human LL-37 had algicidal and immunomodulatory functions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Induction Of Murine Mastitis By Prototheca Bovismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Murine and Human Cathelicidins Contribute Differently to Hallmarks of Mastitis Induced by Pathogenic Prototheca bovis Algae

Shahid

Cavalcante

Knight

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Mice were euthanized 4 d post inoculation (dpi) to collect mammary tissue samples. Tissues were mixed into TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and later homogenized for quantitative PCR (qPCR) or fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned with a microtome (5 µm) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E; Sigma, USA) for histological examination [23], and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS; Sigma, USA) and Grocott-Gomori’s methenamine silver stain (GMS) as a screen for fungal organisms).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototheca zopfiiGenotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis

Shahid

Cobo

Chen

et al. 2019

Preprint

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20Prototheca zopfii is an alga increasingly isolated from bovine mastitis. Of the two genotypes of 21 P. zopfii (genotype I and II (GT-I and II)), P. zopfii GT-II is the genotype associated with acute 22 mastitis and decreased milk production by unknown mechanisms. The objective was to 23 determine inflammatory and apoptotic roles of P. zopfii GT-II in cultured mammary epithelial 24 cells (from cattle and mice) and murine macrophages and using a murine model of mastitis. 25 Prototheca zopfii GT-II (but not GT-I) invaded bovine and murine mammary epithelial cells 26 (MECs) and induced apoptosis, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 27 mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. This P. zopfii GT-II driven 28 apoptosis corresponded to mitochondrial pathways; mitochondrial transmembrane resistance 29 (ΔΨm) was altered and modulation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating genes 30 changed (increased transcriptional Bax, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1 and downregulated Bcl-2), 31 whereas caspase-9 and -3 expression increased. Apoptotic effects by P. zopfii GT-II were more 32 pronounced in macrophages compared to MECs. In a murine mammary infection model, P. 33zopfii GT-II replicated in the mammary gland and caused severe inflammation with infiltration 34 of macrophages and neutrophils and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and 35 Cxcl-1) and also apoptosis of epithelial cells. Thus, we concluded P. zopfii GT-II is a mastitis-36 causing pathogen that triggers severe inflammation and also mitochondrial apoptosis. 37 38 39 40 3 41 Author summary 42 Bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) reduces milk production and quality, causing huge 43 economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. Although the alga Prototheca zopfii is a major 44 cause of mastitis in dairy cows, mechanisms by which it damages mammary tissues are not well 45 known. Here, we used cell cultures and a mouse model of mastitis to determine how Prototheca 46 caused inflammation and cell death in mammary tissues. Prototheca invaded mammary gland 47 cells, from cattle and mice, as well as macrophages (white cells that take up and kill pathogens) 48 and caused cell death by interfering with mitochondria. Furthermore, Prototheca causes severe 49 inflammation and tissue damage when injected into the mammary glands of mice. Although 50 there are two genotypes of P. zopfii, only genotype II causes tissue damage, whereas gentotype I, 51 common in farm environments, does not damage mammary tissues. Since P. zopfii is an alga and 52 not a bacterium, antibiotic treatments, frequently used to treat mastitis in cattle, are not effective 53 against this organism. Understanding how P. zopfii damages mammary tissue and causes mastitis 54 is important new knowledge to promote future development of evidence-based approaches to 55 prevent and treat mammary gland infections with this organism. 56 57 4 63 protothecal mastitis can be clinical or subclinical. In clinical cases, symptoms include fever (up 64 to 40 ...

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“…The Prototheca stagnorum belongs to the genus Prototheca within the family Chlorellaceae. The genus Prototheca, including P. Zopfii and P. wickethamii, are widely distributed in sewage wastewater, animal waste and the mucus secretion of some trees, and are involved in opportunistic infections of invertebrates termed protothecosis (Lassfl€ orl and Mayr 2007;Seok et al 2013). However, molecular studies about Prototheca sp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Prototheca stagnorum (chlorellales: Chlorellaceae)

Lan

et al. 2019

Mitochondrial DNA Part B

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Prototheca stagnorum belongs to the genus Prototheca that are achloroplyllous algae with phylogenetic affinities to Chlorella sp. Microalgae of the genus Prototheca spp are associated with rare algal infections of invertebrates termed protothecosis. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of the circular mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the chlorophyte alga P. stagnorum has been determined (80,023 base-pairs, A þ T content 13.77%). The genes identified encode three subunits of the cytochrome oxidase and apocytochrome b, eight subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (nad1-7, nad4L), four ATPase subunits (atp1, atp4, atp6, atp8), three ribosomal RNAs (5 S (rrn5), small subunit (srn) and large subunit (lrn) RNA), 27 tRNAs, two succinate dehydrogenase and 10 ribosome proteins. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence will provide new molecular biology information to further understand the genetic diversity of the Prototheca sp. and to eliminate this population.

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Human Cutaneous Protothecosis: Report of a Case and Literature Review

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

Murine and Human Cathelicidins Contribute Differently to Hallmarks of Mastitis Induced by Pathogenic Prototheca bovis Algae

Murine and Human Cathelicidins Contribute Differently to Hallmarks of Mastitis Induced by Pathogenic Prototheca bovis Algae

Prototheca zopfiiGenotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Prototheca stagnorum (chlorellales: Chlorellaceae)

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