How to evaluate the potential toxicity of therapeutic carbon nanomaterials? A comprehensive study of carbonized nanogels with multiple animal toxicity test models

Nanoparticles‐induced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models

“…However, taking into account the subtle and transient nature of neurobehavioral effects, these results highlight the possibility of even pristine plastic NPs induce behavioral alteration in the rest of the food web, including for other animals 333 . According to Lin and Yen's evaluation of the potential toxicity of therapeutic carbon nanomaterials using tests on various animal models and developmental stages, Lys‐CNGs did not have any negative effects on weight loss, dermal irritation, or skin sensitization responses in rabbits and guinea pigs even at a high dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight 334 . In an in vivo liver cancer model using rabbits, Glazer et al 372 .…”

“…333 According to Lin and Yen's evaluation of the potential toxicity of therapeutic carbon nanomaterials using tests on various animal models and developmental stages, Lys-CNGs did not have any negative effects on weight loss, dermal irritation, or skin sensitization responses in rabbits and guinea pigs even at a high dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. 334 In an in vivo liver cancer model using rabbits, Glazer et al 372 evaluated the acute toxicity and biodistribu-tion of naked Au-NPs. They discovered that 5 nm Au-NPs were identified in the liver at substantially higher concentrations than 25 nm AuNPs.…”

An Overview of the Potential of Food-Based Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications

“…The biological imaging application of CDs synthesized from milk, fruits, and edible plants has also been demonstrated in different biological models, including zebrafish, pigs, and mice (Table 2). Likewise, bioimaging application reports extend to CDs synthesized from dietary compounds, such as amino acids, citrate, glutathione, polyamines, and ascorbic acid (commonly known as vitamin C) [122,128,149,160,[166][167][168][169]. Among CDs, liposome-like carbon dots known as CD somes , synthesized from triolein, demonstrate excitation-dependent fluorescence and exceptional photostability, enabling multi-generation tracking of subcellular organelles for up to six generations after transfer to daughter cells [20].…”

“…Positively charged CDs display significant charge attraction with the negatively charged bacterial cell membrane (with a membrane potential of approximately −100 to −150 mV) [17]. The interaction resulting from this binding can also induce structural damage to the cell membrane [17,[127][128][129]. This is in contrast to mammalian cell membranes, which contain higher cholesterol levels and possess a lower membrane potential (around −40 to −80 mV), reducing the likelihood of charge attraction and thus having less impact [17].…”

A review of nanomaterials for biosensing applications

“…33 We also emphasize the role played by nanotechnology in the design of various biosensors (electrochemical 34,35 and optical biosensors 36,37 ) and provide some typical cases to summarize the advantages and detection principles of incorporating nanomaterials in sensors, which are applied to enhance the sensitivity and improve the stability of sensors, to reduce background noise and to scale down the detection time. 38,39 Finally, the problems of human toxicity in the application of nanomaterials are summarized, 40,41 illustrating the direction of possible enhancement of nanotechnology in terms of biocompatibility and safety, 42 and looking forward to the future development of nanotechnology in the field of biosensors. [43][44][45][46] We hope that by summarizing recent cuttingedge advances in the application of nanotechnology to biosensors, we will be able to provide new ideas and methods for the development of biosensors, which will lead to breakthroughs in biomedical fields, such as the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.…”