“…Within the non-parametric approach, DEA, which is an efficiency frontier technique, is broadly used to measure banking performance (Alam et al, 2021). For instance, DEA was applied to examine the efficiency of British commercial banks (Ouenniche & Carrales, 2018), banks in the USA (Kwon and Lee, 2015), and worldwide banking efficiency (Ahmad & Prentice, 2019;An et al, 2019;Banya & Biekpe, 2018;Chowdhury & Haron, 2021;Henriques et al, 2018;Kamarudin et al, 2019;Tamatam et al, 2019).…”