Quite a few instruments exist in literature to measure the concepts like absenteeism, attrition, organizational member's intention to leave and retention. While, there is always confusion between the variable's and its appropriateness when contextualize the topic to various industries, sectors and regional applications. These variances evidently may observe when an instrument developed in the west and apply it in east to get its validity and reliability. In this context, an instrument developed to measure the causative factors of 'member's intention to stay', especially focused on individual and organizational factors in the manufacturing sector. The instrument development process was initially followed the qualitative research method. Techniques like content analysis, personal interviews with the organizational members, focus group discussion and Delphi technique were adopted. After identification of the variables through Delphi, these variables were exposed to validity and reliability test. Further, content, construct and face validity was made on the sub factors and items generated in the instrument. The instrument was finalized with 76 items under 21 sub factors of 'member's intention to stay'.

Purpose Tourism researchers proposed that service quality dimensions of tourist destinations can contribute in developing a favorable or unfavorable image among travelers which affect visitors’ loyalty or disloyalty as well as destination image. However, such claims are seldom evaluated into in avitourism locations, which are a niche tourism, but fast growing. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between service quality, visitor satisfaction and destination image and destination loyalty among avian tourists. Design/methodology/approach Following a positivist research philosophy with a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study design, the study addressed five direct and two indirect relationships in the model. The research followed expectation dis-confirmation theory of Gartner to test the theoretical model. Following purposive sampling, a sample of 384 international avitourists was collected from five avitourism locations of Malaysia. The study applied SmartPLS SEM to analyze the data. Findings The results show that the service quality provided by the park management has a positive impact on visitor satisfaction, destination image and destination loyalty. The study also shows partial mediation effect of visitor satisfaction on destination image and destination loyalty among avitourists. The study extends practical, policy and theoretical implications to the stakeholders of avitourism. Research limitations/implications The study limits the possibility for generalization of the findings into five avitourism sites located in three states of Malaysia. Hence, the scope of the study needs to be augmented with samples from more regions to meet the expected generalization. Add to the point, this study lacks qualitative data observations to get an in-depth understanding of the issues pertaining to visitor’s expectations on serviced quality, satisfaction, destination image and loyalty. Hence, it is suggested that more qualitative research interventions need to be made with the tools of in-depth interviews, content analysis and with the method of focus group discussions and Delphi applications. Practical implications This study provides the park management a clearer understanding on service quality critical factors in enhancing the satisfaction of avian tourists and building a better avitourism destination image and destination loyalty. The avitourism park management may look into the services for these niche tourists, as these resources are directly linked to nature-based tourism with its diverse requirements to keep visitors satisfied. Park authorities require a sound understanding and skills in managing the biodiversity of the natural resources, birds and animals, to match their services with tourists’ expectations. Social implications Biodiversity is important in supporting vital ecosystem services (ES) for human as well as animals. The study has its social implications in generating a greater number of employment opportunity for people surrounding the area of avian destinations preserving the biodiverse area. The people in the surroundings area of avitourism locations will get better employment opportunity as guides and nature trail experts, if the avian tourism develops in its real principle. Originality/value Avitourism is a niche tourism. The expectations of the visitors of avitourism locations are entirely varied in comparison with general tourism. Very less studies focused into expectations of the visitors linking human factor of service quality, emotional intelligence, visitor satisfaction, etc. like dimensions that will contribute into dynamic destination image and destination loyalty among avitourists. With the support of quantitative research tools, representative sampling and theoretical selection, the study findings are original in their form, ensuring external validity further to generalize into other birdwatching locations across the countries. The study observations are highly valuable to all stakeholders of avitourism.

Oil palm plantations are decisively situated in the various regions of Malaysia where the climatic conditions are appropriate for planting oil palm. One cannot compare the work environment of such plantations with normal office settings. The workers in those plantations are working in remote locations, totally cut off from the other part of the world. Majority workers are from Indonesia, Philippines like low income countries. The work environment is physically demanding and challenging to the workers due to many factors. An exploratory study has conducted on employee disengagement in the oil palm plantations in the Sabah region of Malaysia. The study has taken up employee disengagement factors due to the lack of interest among the local people to engage themselves in the oil palm plantations work and the plantation industry in Malaysia is facing an acute labor shortage to carry forwards the oil palm business. The study follows, field visits, interviews with the workers, focus group discussions and specifically Delphi. The findings supported to identify the 7 factors coming under the theme employee disengagement as Wage and Welfare, Work Environment, Lack of Safety and security, Poor Organizational Support, Rigid Rules and regulations, and Lack of individual motivation. The study paves better insight to lead this qualitative research in an organized quantitative research.

Islamic banking has advanced in the past four decades. It has become a worldwide brand, cultured and structured industry. Nevertheless, Malaysia has witnessed low penetration of Islamic banking. Researchers documented several reasons allied with low market penetration of Islamic banking. Although Malaysian industrial sector is dominated by Small and Medium Enterprises, there is less information about small business owner's intention to adopt Islamic banking. Following the Theory of Reasoned Action, this research includes attitude, social influence and business service factors effect on intention to adopt Islamic banking. The research followed positivist research philosophy and quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design to explicate the relationship between small business owner's attitude, social influence and business service on intention to adopt Islamic banking. 390 sample from Klang Valley region of Selangor state of Malaysia was considered for the study. Data was collected using survey method through the distribution of structured questionnaires. PLS-SEM was used to test the predictive relevance. The results indicate a strong positive relationship between attitude, social influence and business service on intention to adopt Islamic banking.

Industry 4.0 presents companies with new prospects to renovate industrial manufacturing processes and increase value creation, has promised several optimizing strategies for improved business performance. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between innovation capability and employee capability on organizational performance among Small and Medium Scale industries entrepreneurs. Following a positivist research philosophy with a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study design, the study addressed three direct and two indirect relationships in the model. The research followed the expectation Resource-Based View Theory to test the theoretical model. Following stratified random sampling, this research using 384 SME entrepreneurs from the Selangor state of Malaysia. The study applied Smart PLS-SEM to analyze the data. The results show that SME firms' innovation capability and employee capability positively correlate with business performance. The study also shows the partial mediation effect of technology change on innovation capability and business performance and employee capability and business performance. Research extends practical and theoretical implications to the stakeholders of SMEs and businesses.JEL Classification: L25, L26, L29How to Cite:Govindarajo, N. S., Kumar M, D., Shaikh, E., Kumar, M., & Kumar, P. (2021). Industry 4.0 and Business Policy Development: Strategic Imperatives for SME Performance. Etikonomi, 20(2), 213 – xx. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i2.20143.

Oil palm plantations are the backbone of the Malaysian economy, since day immemorial. When you look into the past, the workers in the oil palm plantations were dominated by Indian and Chinese communities. Later due to the sigma associate with oil palm plantations jobs viz., dirty, dangerous and distance, the Indians and Chinese workers moved away from the oil palm work and they were replaced by Indonesians and Philippines. These foreign workers whom having the legal and illegal status under enforcement in Malaysia, have been living in remotely located inhabitations engaging in 'dirty, dangerous and distance' wise oil palm plantations. Though the larger oil palm plantation companies ensure minimum living and working conditions for the foreign workers, vastly located small holding plantations never follow such minimum and fair working environment. These conditions to be correlated with the term "precarious working conditions' in small holding oil palm plantations. Due to lack of availability of the locals to engage in oil palm work, the plantations have to depend on foreign workers do all these 'dirty, dangerous and distance' workers in oil palm plantations. Except a few literature available from Amnesty international and local NGOs, there is less evidence to prove the existence of such exploitative working conditions in oil palm plantations. In order to explore precarious working conditions in oil palm plantations thus a qualitative research study is conducted in the Sabah region of the Eastern Part of Malaysia. The study followed, triangulation method through interviews with the migrated foreign workers, (legal and illegal), focus group discussions and Delphi technique with the identification of experts in the field to arrive at the factors and categories related to the theme 'precarious working conditions' in oil palm plantations. The outcome of the study fixes the variables that need to be concentrated for a higher level research through quantitative research.

Social commerce is growing rapidly as a result of popularity of internet network. Many businesses are selling their products on social networking platforms and using the influence of social networking platforms to promote their products to all corners of the world. Besides, the development of logistics and supply chain is growth rapidly around the world. Hence, there is a business opportunity in social commerce. Next, the main objective on this research is to determine the factors that will influence purchase intention through social commerce by young generation in Malaysia and to examine do the variables have significant and positive relationship towards social commerce in Malaysia. The researcher had conducted convenience sampling and collected 160 respondents in Malaysia. Self-administered questionnaire comprises of two major sections was distributed to the respondents in 7-and 5-point Likert scale. Besides, the researcher used quantitative research method and deductive research approach to conduct the whole research. For result analysis, the researcher used different techniques to analyse the findings such as descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, normality analysis, regression analysis and validity analysis. After that, the researcher found that factors such as trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use, electronic word of mouth and subjective norm will influence youth consumers' purchase intention significantly toward social commerce in Malaysia. Lastly, this research could help Malaysia government to predict the development on this sector, help online retailers to prevent the issues and maintain the online environment in a good position and match the preference of consumers, and help social commerce industry to have a better understanding on the consumers' purchase intention.

It is an eye opening scenario that Malaysia turned to be one of the major producer and exporter of palm oil. Malaysia has witnessed a dazzling growth of 10.06% of its production recently from 4.05 million hectares in 2005 in an area of 54,000 hectares. Further, the production has enlarged from 94,000 tons in 1960 to 15 million tons in 2005, or by almost 160 times within 45 years-this represents a compound annual growth of 11.93% per year. The oil palm industry is labor intensive, since there is less adoption of mechanization in the field operations. Production of agriculture is usually associated with high incidence of ergonomic injuries, mainly during rigorous manual labor and throughout harvesting. Although scientific explanations are available, very less research was conducted to identify and fix variables that are closely related to ergonomics issues of workers in oil palm plantations related to workers absconding and disengagement from work. Field visits were conducted in the present study, to get an insight into the causal factors of ergonomics in relation to workers intention to abscond and disengagement in oil palm plantations was further congregated into. Thus an exploratory study was conducted in the oil palm plantations following qualitative research methods like direct interviews, focus group discussions and Delphi technique arrive at factors and categories related to the ergonomic issues of workers in oil palm plantations. The study provides better insight into the ergonomic issues of workers in oil palm plantations in the Sabah region of Malaysia.