How does SARS‐CoV‐2 infection impact on immunity, procession and treatment of pan cancers

Abstract

We identified 14 immune-related differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 patients and normal controls and the receiver operator characteristic curve results showed that they could be used to discriminate COVID-19 patients from healthy controls. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and CIBERSORT analysis displayed immune landscape of COVID-19 patients that the fraction of immune cells (like B cell subtypes and T cell subtypes) decreased distinctly in the first SARS-CoV-2 infection which may further weaken immunity of cancer patients and increasing inflammatory cells (Neutrophils and Macrophages) may further promote inflammatory response of cancer patients. Based on expression levels of 14 DEGs we found that first SARS-CoV-2 infection may accelerate progression of cancer patients by Kaplan-Meier survival, immune subtypes and tumor microenvironment analyses, and may weaken anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment effect of cancer patients by weighted gene co-expression network, tumor mutation burden and microsatellite instability analysis. The second SARS-CoV-2 infection was beneficial to control development of tumor seemingly, but it may be difficult for cancer patients to experience destroy successfully from first SARS-CoV-2 infection, let alone benefits from second SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, this study also emphasized significance of multi-factor analysis when analyzing impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cancer patients.

Host factors of SARS-CoV-2 in infection, pathogenesis, and long-term effects

“…In general, the immune system of COVID-19 patients is suppressed, leading to a decreased abundance of immune cells, altered expression of genes related to immunity, and an intense inflammatory response triggered by viral infection. These factors collectively nurture a favorable microenvironment for tumor occurrence and progression ( Xiong and Sun, 2023 ). Additionally, dysregulation of cellular receptors and proteinases, aberrant metabolism of glucose and lipids, and epigenetic alterations, may serve as the instigator and catalyst for tumorigenesis.…”

Causal associations of COVID‐19 on neurosurgical diseases risk: a Mendelian randomization study

“…Since 2019, the worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), contributed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [ 1 ], has been rapidly disseminating, leading to an escalating tally of confirmed cases and fatalities, thereby presenting a grave menace to the well-being of the general populace. Many susceptibility factors and protective factors are closely associated with the infection or severity of the COVID-19 [ 2 , 3 ]. There are also many COVID-19 patients who gradually recover from acute infection and develop post-COVID-19 syndrome, among which the invasion and influence on the nervous system are relatively common [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Causal effects of COVID‐19 on cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study

“…For cancer patients, the systemic immunosuppressive states caused by the malignant tumor and anticancer treatment weak their ability to resist the infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 9,10 . Furthermore, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection could affect the immune status, disease progression, and routine treatment of cancer patients 11 . Cancer patients with COVID‐19 have significantly increased odds of COVID‐19‐related mortality and all‐cause in‐hospital mortality than noncancer patients 12,13 .…”

“…9,10 Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection could affect the immune status, disease progression, and routine treatment of cancer patients. 11 Cancer patients with COVID-19 have significantly increased odds of COVID-19-related mortality and all-cause in-hospital mortality than noncancer patients. 12,13 At the same time, some studies have counted the number of newly diagnosed cancers and disease stages during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”