“…where Pit, refers to price of total assets of bank i at time t, proxied by the ratio of total revenue to total assets; and MCi,t refers to the marginal cost of bank i at time t. We cannot directly observe marginal cost; hence, we follow the extant literature (e.g., Fernández et al, 2013;Beck et al, 2013) and derive it from a translog cost function (TCF) as in Eq. (6) below : 3 3 3 2 , 1 , 2 , , , , , , , , 1 1 1 3 , , , , 1 ln ln ln ln ln ln ln…”