“…As argued especially but not exclusively by Post-Keynesian authors, in the face of the depressive effects of fiscal austerity and the observed trends in income distribution in most advanced economies, private debt-expenditures have acted as a counterbalancing, albeit deeply unstable, force. In a similar vein, residential investment, stimulated by the increase in real estate prices, has also constituted an important source of dynamism for aggregate demand (Kohler and Stockhammer, 2021;Pérez-Montiel and Pariboni, 2021), in the context of what has been defined a "privatized Keynesianism" model (Crouch, 2009), characterized by the role of property price bubbles and mortgage debt in inducing (autonomous) consumption. Obviously, these phenomena do not occur in a vacuum and respond to a complex intersection of institutional, cultural, and social norms-related factors.…”