Hot Temperatures, Hostile Affect, Hostile Cognition, and Arousal: Tests of a General Model of Affective Aggression

Anderson, Craig A.; Deuser, William E.; DeNeve, Kristina M.

doi:10.1177/0146167295215002

Cited by 406 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The second measure, the State Hostility Scale [Anderson et al, 1995], was used to measure aggressive feelings. This is a 35-item scale that asks participants to respond on a 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) Likert Scale about how they are feeling right now.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological arousal

Barlett

Rodeheffer

2009

Aggressive Behavior

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Previous research has shown that playing violent video game exposure can increase aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and physiological arousal. This study compared the effects that playing a realistic violent, unrealistic violent, or nonviolent video game for 45 min has on such variables. For the purpose of this study, realism was defined as the probability of seeing an event in real life. Participants (N 5 74; 39 male, 35 female) played either a realistic violent, unrealistic violent, or nonviolent video game for 45 min. Aggressive thoughts and aggressive feelings were measured four times (every 15 min), whereas arousal was measured continuously. The results showed that, though playing any violent game stimulated aggressive thoughts, playing a more realistic violent game stimulated significantly more aggressive feelings and arousal over the course of play. Aggr. Behav. 35:213-224, 2009.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological arousal

Barlett

Rodeheffer

2009

Aggressive Behavior

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“…Participants were then asked to complete the State Hostility Scale (SHS; Anderson et al, 1995), and to rate their perceived competence, immersion and identification with the game character.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the effects of Unreal violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?

Arriaga

Esteves²,

Carneiro

et al. 2008

Aggressive Behavior

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This study was conducted to analyze the short‐term effects of violent electronic games, played with or without a virtual reality (VR) device, on the instigation of aggressive behavior. Physiological arousal (heart rate (HR)), priming of aggressive thoughts, and state hostility were also measured to test their possible mediation on the relationship between playing the violent game (VG) and aggression. The participants—148 undergraduate students—were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: two groups played a violent computer game (Unreal Tournament), and the other two a non‐violent game (Motocross Madness), half with a VR device and the remaining participants on the computer screen. In order to assess the game effects the following instruments were used: a BIOPAC System MP100 to measure HR, an Emotional Stroop task to analyze the priming of aggressive and fear thoughts, a self‐report State Hostility Scale to measure hostility, and a competitive reaction‐time task to assess aggressive behavior. The main results indicated that the violent computer game had effects on state hostility and aggression. Although no significant mediation effect could be detected, regression analyses showed an indirect effect of state hostility between playing a VG and aggression. Aggr. Behav. 34:521–538, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…Even with these possibilities, however, laboratory experiments in which physical discomfort or pain was deliberately established have shown that the decidedly unpleasant physical sensations in themselves can be angering and lead to affective aggression (e.g., C. A. Anderson, Deuser, & DeNeve, 1995;K. B. Anderson, Anderson, Dill, & Deuser, 1998; see also Berkowitz, 1993aBerkowitz, , 1993bBerkowitz, , 2003, perhaps particularly in people especially disposed to negative emotionality (Verona, Patrick, & Lang, 2002).…”

Section: Must There Be An External Cause Of the Negative Event?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anderson et al, 1995;Baron & Bell, 1975;Baron & Richardson, 1994;Lindsay & Anderson, 2000), even in the appraisal theory camp (Stein & Levine, 1989, 1990, have also recognized the anger-aggression-eliciting effects of aversive conditions. In summarizing one of their studies, Stein and Levine (1990) concluded that their results were in accord with Berkowitz's (1983Berkowitz's ( , 1989) thesis "that aversive events .…”

Section: Aversive States Of Affairs As Anger Determinantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

Berkowitz¹,

Harmon‐Jones²

2004

Emotion

476

417

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Research bearing on several popular conceptions of the major determinants of anger arousal indicates that the particular appraisals often identified as causes of anger frequently only serve to affect the intensity of the anger that is generated. Research into effects of physical pain or other physically unpleasant conditions or involving social stresses suggests that decidedly aversive conditions are a major spur to anger. Experiments are also reviewed showing that anger-related muscular movements can also lead to anger-related feelings, memories, cognitions, and autonomic responses. Alternative explanations for the findings are discussed. The authors urge emotion theorists to widen their methodology and analyses so that they give careful, detailed attention to the many different factors that can influence anger.A great many people are angry at one time or another. After surveying studies dating back to World War I, Averill (1982) concluded that "Depending upon how records are kept, most people report becoming mildly to moderately angry anywhere from several times a day to several times a week" (p. 1146). Perhaps because this emotion is so common, 1 specific definitions of this term often vary in detail (see Averill, 1982;Kassinove, 1995, for reviews of the many different usages of this word), and there are many different, and even opposing, cultural beliefs prescribing how and when this affective state should be managed.Although there certainly is no shortage of research articles dealing with anger, investigators inquiring into the development and functioning of emotions would do well to devote more of their effort and ingenuity to the study of this particular affective state. It obviously is a socially very important emotion, one that has attracted a great deal of attention in the mass media as well as in the various health fields, but it also presents emotion theorists with a number of intriguing conceptual questions. As just one example, there is the often-assumed relationship between hedonic valence and approach-avoidance inclinations. According to Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, and Tellegen (1999), positive affect is typically associated with approach tendencies, whereas negative arousal is usually linked to an urge to avoid the instigating stimulus. Anger seems to be relatively unique in this regard and is often associated with approach rather than with avoidance inclinations (see Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998;Harmon-Jones & Sigelman, 2001). Then too, research into the conditions under which anger is aroused can also touch on the metatheoretical controversy as to whether emotions can be evoked independently of cognitions. Although we do not want to revive the now well-worn argument as to just what is involved in the concept cognition, if one adopts the relatively restricted definition favored by Izard (1993) and Zajonc Leonard Berkowitz and Eddie Harmon-Jones, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.We thank the individuals who provided valuable comments on previous versions of this article: Jack B...

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Hot Temperatures, Hostile Affect, Hostile Cognition, and Arousal: Tests of a General Model of Affective Aggression

Cited by 406 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological arousal

Effects of realism on extended violent and nonviolent video game play on aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological arousal

Are the effects of Unreal violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?

Toward an Understanding of the Determinants of Anger.

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