Host adapted serotypes of Salmonella enterica

Abstract

Salmonella constitutes a genus of zoonotic bacteria of worldwide economic and health importance. The current view of salmonella taxonomy assigns the members of this genus to two species: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica itself is divided into six subspecies, enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, indica, and houtenae, also known as subspecies I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI, respectively [1]. Members of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica are mainly associated with warm-blooded vertebrates and are usually transmitted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by infected faeces. The pathogenicity of most of the distinct serotypes remains undefined, and even within the most common serotypes, many questions remain to be answered regarding the interactions between the organism and the infected host.Salmonellosis manifests itself in three major forms: enteritis, septicaemia, and abortion, each of which may be present singly or in combination, depending on both the serotype and the host involved. Although currently over 2300 serovars of Salmonella are recognized, only about 50 serotypes are isolated in any significant numbers as human or animal pathogens [2, 3] and they all belong to subspecies enterica. Of these, most cause acute gastroenteritis characterized by a short incubation period and a severe systemic disease in man or animals, characterized by septicaemia, fever and/or abortion, and such serotypes are often associated with one or few host species [4–6].It is the intention of this review to present a summary of current knowledge of these host-adapted serotypes of S. enterica. The taxonomic relationships between the serotypes will be discussed together with a comparison of the pathology and pathogenesis of the disease that they cause in their natural host(s). Since much of our knowledge on salmonellosis is based on the results of work on Typhimurium, this serotype will often be used as the baseline in discussion. It is hoped that an appreciation of the differences that exist in the way these serotypes interact with the host will lead to a greater understanding of the complex host–parasite relationship that characterizes salmonella infections.

Emergence of Salmonella epidemics: The problems related to Salmonella enterica serotyp Enteritidis and multiple antibiotic resistance in other major serotypes

“…I (S. enterica subsp. entericae), the most common O-antigen serogroups are A, B, C1, C2, D and E. Strains within these serogroups cause approximately 99% of Salmonella infections in humans and warm-blooded animals [143]. Serotypes in other subspecies are usually isolated from cold-blooded animals and the environment but rarely from humans [78,143].…”

Antimicrobial susceptibility, phage types, and pulsetypes of Salmonella Typhimurium, in São Paulo, Brazil

“…The Salmonella genus comprises more than 2500 serotypes (Popoff 2001), most of which are considered potential human pathogens, but only a reduced number of them have been associated with human infections (Uzzau et al 2000). In developed countries, outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections have been caused mainly by serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium (Seyfarth et al 1997, Davis et al 1999, Kariuky et al 1999.…”

“…It can be isolated from a variety of foodstuff such as raw meats, poultry and poultry products, milk and milk products (Gorman & Adley 2004). The zoonotic nature of Salmonella infections is well established and the observed increase in human cases has been associated with high levels of infections in animal husbandry, mainly in pigs and poultry (Seyfarth et al 1997).The Salmonella genus comprises more than 2500 serotypes (Popoff 2001), most of which are considered potential human pathogens, but only a reduced number of them have been associated with human infections (Uzzau et al 2000). In developed countries, outbreaks of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections have been caused mainly by serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium (Seyfarth et al 1997, Davis et al 1999, Kariuky et al 1999.…”

Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin

“…The size of these plasmids varies with each serotype, ranging from 50 to 285 kb (73,74,107). The spv operon is required for the systemic phase of disease in specific hosts with specific virulence plasmid size, i.e., serotype Choleraesuis with a 50-kb virulence plasmid in pigs (43), serotype Dublin with an 80-kb virulence plasmid (pSDV) in cattle (92,149), serotype Gallinarum with an 85-kb virulence plasmid (pSGV) and serotype Pullorum with an 85-kb virulence plasmid (pSPV) in fowl (12,13), serotype Typhimurium with a 95-kb virulence plasmid (pSTV) and serotype Enteritidis with a 60-kb virulence plasmid (pSEV) in mice (74,84), and serotype Abortusovis with a 95-kb virulence plasmid (pSAV) in sheep (146).…”