HIV and Tuberculosis Trends in the United States and Select Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are two catastrophic diseases affecting millions of people worldwide every year; and are considered to be pandemic by the World Health Organization. This study aims to compare the recent trends in TB and HIV in the United States and Sub-Saharan African Countries. Data (incidence, prevalence and death rates of HIV and TB) for the United States, Cameroon, Nigeria, and South Africa were collected from The Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), US Census Bureau and World Health Organization (WHO) databases and analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS v 9.1). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the variables of interest between the countries and across time. Results showed that percent rates of TB cases, TB deaths, HIV cases and HIV deaths were significantly different (P < 0.001) among these countries from 1993 to 2006. South Africa had the highest rates of HIV and TB; while US had the lowest rates of both diseases. Tuberculosis and HIV rates for Cameroon and Nigeria were significantly higher when compared to the United States, but were significantly lower when compared to South Africa (P < 0.001). There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the prevalence of TB and HIV between the United States and the Sub-Saharan African countries, as well as differences within the Sub-Saharan African countries from 1993 to 2006. More analysis needs to be carried out in order to determine the prevalence and incidence of HIV and TB among multiple variables like gender, race, sexual orientation and age to get a comprehensive picture of the trends of HIV and TB.

Adverse Events in Treating Smear-Positive Tuberculosis Patients in China

“…Thus, it is difficult to analyze the relationships between the AE and specific drugs separately. Other studies found that some diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could affect the occurrence of AE, but we lacked information about these diseases for our selected patients [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Some patients had courses of treatment longer than the prescription because of various reasons.…”

Nationwide and regional incidence of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2004–12: a time series analysis

“…Only two studies were similar to our report, both of which were based on WHO and UNAIDS estimates but did not assess association with antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage. 11,12 Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the fi rst comprehensive time series analysis of incidence rates for microbiologically confi rmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa at a national and provincial level, with analysis of the association with HIV prevalence and ART coverage. We also highlight that current estimates of tuberculosis in South Africa, which are based on electronic TB registries, underestimate the incidence of tuberculosis, despite including non-microbiologically confi rmed cases of tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases.…”

Treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: a retrospective study

“…One of the highest incidences and number of TB deaths in the world occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. [3][4][5] The global target for TB control is to identify at least 70% of smear-positive patients and to cure at least 85% of the identified patients. If TB patients are not identified and treated in accordance with the protocol, patients with active TB will continue to spread the disease among the healthy population.…”