1999
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.1.112
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History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa

Abstract: SUMMARY The history of human sleeping sickness in East Africa is characterized by the appearance of disease epidemics interspersed by long periods of endemicity. Despite the presence of the tsetse fly in large areas of East Africa, these epidemics tend to occur multiply in specific regions or foci rather than spreading over vast areas. Many theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, but recent molecular approaches and detailed analyses of epidemics have highlighted the stability … Show more

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Cited by 99 publications
(78 citation statements)
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“…This inherently low transmission potential is influenced by the infectivity of T. brucei spp., which is lower than that of other major tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes. Transmission is favored by a large ratio of flies to humans, a relatively high prevalence of infection in flies and humans, and a high level of contact between flies and hosts (Rogers, 1988;Rogers and Williams, 1993;Hide, 1999). This low transmission potential is responsible for the typical pattern of sleeping sickness in Uganda: generally very low levels of sleeping sickness interrupted by distinct epidemics.…”
Section: Sleeping Sickness Parasite Life-cycle Systemmentioning
confidence: 96%
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“…This inherently low transmission potential is influenced by the infectivity of T. brucei spp., which is lower than that of other major tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes. Transmission is favored by a large ratio of flies to humans, a relatively high prevalence of infection in flies and humans, and a high level of contact between flies and hosts (Rogers, 1988;Rogers and Williams, 1993;Hide, 1999). This low transmission potential is responsible for the typical pattern of sleeping sickness in Uganda: generally very low levels of sleeping sickness interrupted by distinct epidemics.…”
Section: Sleeping Sickness Parasite Life-cycle Systemmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…In another example of the importance of scale, genetic research conducted on the microscopic scale allows for the identification of trypanosome species, strains, genotypes, and isolated clusters (Hide et al, 1996;Hide, 1999). This research has contributed to the understanding of sleeping sickness patterns at the regional and national scales, revealed new information on which trypanosome species may have caused the 1900-1920 Ugandan outbreak (Hide et al, 1996;Welburn et al, 2001), and highlighted the role of cattle movements in parasite spread (Fèvre, 2001;Fèvre et al, 2001).…”
Section: Scope and Scale Of Sleeping Sickness Researchmentioning
confidence: 97%
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“…For epidemiological identification and tracking of the subspecific strains, T. b. garnbiense can be distinguished from T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense (Hide et al 1998;Agbo et al 2002). However, the distinction between T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense has always been more difficult to determine (Godfrey et al 1990;Hide 1999;Agbo et al 2002). Resistance to normal human serum (equivalent to human infectivity) is an important trait that distinguishes T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (which are resistant) from T. b. brucei strains (which are sensitive).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%