Sleeping Sickness in Southeastern Uganda: A SystemsApproach

Berrang‐Ford, Lea; Waltner-Toews, David; Charron, Dominique; Odiit, M.; McDermott, John J.; Smit, Barry

doi:10.1007/s10393-005-6331-9

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…The eco-biological domain encompasses elements such as vector ecology and biology, climate (temperature, rainfall); the politicaleconomic sphere includes, among other factors, social policy, migration, urbanization, city water supply, and garbage disposal; and the social level includes housing, basic sanitation, water supply and understandings and practices among the population 8 . A bio-social approach was adopted to identify both the biological and socio-behavioural factors 9,10,11,12,13 that have contributed towards the re-emergence of dengue fever including: poor housing and basic sanitation, lack of adequate water supply, the use of unprotected reservoirs for potable water, and no public garbage collection 14 . The study addresses the complexity of dengue fever emergence, in order to identify appropriate control strategies based on meaningful community involvement 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irregular water supply, household usage and dengue: a bio-social study in the Brazilian Northeast

Lima²,

et al. 2009

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Despite increased vector control efforts, dengue fever remains endemic in Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil, where sporadic epidemic outbreaks have occurred since 1986. Multiple factors affect vector ecology such as social policy, migration, urbanization, city water supply, garbage disposal and housing conditions, as well as community level understanding of the disease and related practices. This descriptive study used a multi-disciplinary approach that bridged anthropology and entomology. A multiple case study design was adopted to include research in six study areas, defined as blocks. The water supply is irregular in households from both under-privileged and privileged areas, however, clear differences exist. In the more privileged blocks, several homes are not connected to the public water system, but have a well and pump system and therefore irregularity of supply does not affect them. In households from under-privileged blocks, where the water supply is irregular, the frequent use of water containers such as water tanks, cisterns, barrels and pots, creates environmental conditions with a greater number of breeding areas. In under-privileged homes, there are more possible breeding areas and environmental conditions that may improve the chances of Aedes aegypti survival.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irregular water supply, household usage and dengue: a bio-social study in the Brazilian Northeast

Lima²,

et al. 2009

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“…Sleeping sickness re-emerged in Uganda in the 1970s, and continues to pose a public health and economic burden [1-3]. Similar re-emergence has been reported across sub-Saharan Africa since the 1970s, including outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Sudan [4], and Angola [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…1) [8]; when sufficiently strong or prolonged, an outbreak is triggered. Conflict-related processes, therefore, can influence sleeping sickness incidence by affecting the parameters in the model ( m , α , 1/ u , or 1/ r ); these can include a range of ecological, social, and biophysical determinants [1]. Impacts on the biting rate of flies ( α ), such as increased exposure of people to infested areas, will be particularly important as this parameter exponentially affects the value of R 0 .…”

Section: Conflict Infectious Disease and Sleeping Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Civil conflict and sleeping sickness in Africa in general and Uganda in particular

Ford

2007

Confl Health

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Conflict and war have long been recognized as determinants of infectious disease risk. Re-emergence of epidemic sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1970s has coincided with extensive civil conflict in affected regions. Sleeping sickness incidence has placed increasing pressure on the health resources of countries already burdened by malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. In areas of Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, sleeping sickness occurs in epidemic proportions, and is the first or second greatest cause of mortality in some areas, ahead of HIV/AIDS. In Uganda, there is evidence of increasing spread and establishment of new foci in central districts. Conflict is an important determinant of sleeping sickness outbreaks, and has contributed to disease resurgence. This paper presents a review and characterization of the processes by which conflict has contributed to the occurrence of sleeping sickness in Africa. Conflict contributes to disease risk by affecting the transmission potential of sleeping sickness via economic impacts, degradation of health systems and services, internal displacement of populations, regional insecurity, and reduced access for humanitarian support. Particular focus is given to the case of sleeping sickness in south-eastern Uganda, where incidence increase is expected to continue. Disease intervention is constrained in regions with high insecurity; in these areas, political stabilization, localized deployment of health resources, increased administrative integration and national capacity are required to mitigate incidence. Conflict-related variables should be explicitly integrated into risk mapping and prioritization of targeted sleeping sickness research and mitigation initiatives.

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“…The Glossina palpalis tsetse tends to occupy waterside areas, while Glossina morsitans prefers savannah/bush habitats (Knight 1971). Uganda represents the boundary between two forms of sleeping sickness, T. brucei gambiense , a chronic form of the disease which predominates in west central Africa, and T. brucei rhodesiense , an acute form, which is prevalent in eastern and southern Africa (Berrang‐Ford et al. 2005).…”

Section: Sleeping Sickness In East Africa Past and Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘The gloomy forebodings of this dread disease’, climate, famine and sleeping sickness in East Africa

Endfield¹,

Ryves²,

Mills³

et al. 2009

Geographical Journal

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Identifying the nature of the association between climate, environmental, socio‐economic and political context and disease remains a major challenge, yet a better comprehension of the linkages is imperative if predictive models to guide public health responses are to be devised. Our understanding of the relationships could be improved through investigations of historical epidemics. In this paper we draw on a range of published and unpublished documents to explore the complex relationship between climate, environmental change and epidemic disease (re)emergence in East Africa, and Uganda in particular. This is a region which has experienced climate variability at a range of temporal and spatial scales, but which also has a long history of episodic epidemic disease. We focus on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – a time of social, economic and political reordering in East Africa associated with European colonial intervention, but also a period which witnessed a variety of climatic, ecological and disease events. It will be argued that these developments coalesced, creating a set of spatially distinctive social and environmental conditions which fostered the emergence and prolongation of one of the most deadly episodes of disease in East African history, the sleeping sickness epidemic of c.1900–20.

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Sleeping Sickness in Southeastern Uganda: A SystemsApproach

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Irregular water supply, household usage and dengue: a bio-social study in the Brazilian Northeast

Irregular water supply, household usage and dengue: a bio-social study in the Brazilian Northeast

Civil conflict and sleeping sickness in Africa in general and Uganda in particular

‘The gloomy forebodings of this dread disease’, climate, famine and sleeping sickness in East Africa

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