Historical Reminiscences

Herrmann, G.

doi:10.1007/0-306-48415-3_8

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Superheavy Elements Superheavy Elements (SHEs) are chemical elements beyond the actinides, with atomic numbers numbers Z > 103. Even though there were some speculations about the existence of very heavy elements already in the 1950's [224], the year 1966 is usually regarded as the birth of superheavy element research. Three theoretical papers were published in this year that discussed the existence of an "'Island of Stability"' due to shell-effects that stabilize the nuclei of these elements against spontaneous fission [225,226,227].…”

Section: Region Of Deformation At N = 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision atomic physics techniques for nuclear physics with radioactive beams

Blaum¹,

Dilling²,

2013

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Atomic physics techniques for the determination of ground-state properties of radioactive isotopes are very sensitive and provide accurate masses, binding energies, Q-values, charge radii, spins, and electromagnetic moments. Many fields in nuclear physics benefit from these highly accurate numbers. They give insight into details of the nuclear structure for a better understanding of the underlying effective interactions, provide important input for studies of fundamental symmetries in physics, and help to understand the nucleosynthesis processes that are responsible for the observed chemical abundances in the Universe. Penning-trap and and storage-ring mass spectrometry as well as laser spectroscopy of radioactive nuclei have now been used for a long time but significant progress has been achieved in these fields within the last decade. The basic principles of laser spectroscopic investigations, Penning-trap and storage-ring mass measurements of short-lived nuclei are summarized and selected physics results are discussed. † going to cryogenic temperatures, or enhancing the induced signal by using higher charge states and/or longer accumulation times. Ideal applications for this method are mass measurements of super-heavy element (SHE) isotopes for nuclear structure studies as they are performed at SHIPTRAP [25,26]. SHE are produced in minuscule quantities, and typically have half-lives of hundreds of milliseconds to a few seconds. A proof-ofprinciple experiment is planned at the TRIGA reactor facility TRIGA-TRAP at Mainz University [27] and applications for HITRAP with highly charged ions are foreseen [28]. Requirements for Mass Measurements of Radioactive IonsThe specific requirements for the mass measurements of radioactive ions stem from the parameters of the ions themselves. For example the required sensitivity (depending on the production yield) and measurement speed (depending on the half-life) as well as the envisaged application which dictates the required precision. In order to be meaningful, all measurements should deliver reliable data, hence precise and accurate. The physics requirements can be categorized with the corresponding relative precision as follows:• nuclear structure, δm/m ≈ 1 × 10 −7• nuclear astrophysics, δm/m ≈ 1 × 10 −7/−8 • test of fundamental symmetries, neutrino physics, δm/m ≈ 1 × 10 −8/−9

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Section: Region Of Deformation At N = 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision atomic physics techniques for nuclear physics with radioactive beams

Blaum¹,

Dilling²,

2013

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“…All these bombardments failed: no indication for the existence of any nuclide in the region of transactinides (so-called superheavy elements) was observed. It remained unclear whether this was a lack of experimental sensitivity or a mere failure of predicted stability of existing nuclei in this region of the chart of nuclides (for review, see [19]). …”

Section: Early -Most Likely -Misinterpreted Experiments With Coperniciummentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Gäggeler¹

2011

Radiochimica Acta

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Summary. Chemical studies at the upper end of the periodic table have reached atomic number 114. Recent experiments aiming at investigating chemical properties of elements Cn, 113, and 114 are summarized. Though partly preliminary, all these elements behave as expected: due to the filled 6d 10 shell, they do not behave like transition metals anymore, as observed for the lighter transactinides. They exhibit a volatile behavior as expected for 7s and 7 p elements. On the other hand, due to the extremely low signal to noise ratio in detectors used to identify separated products highest precaution on identifying single atoms is mandatory. As an example, published early attempts to synthesize Cn and to perform chemical studies with this element that could not be confirmed in later studies are summarized.

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“…However, searches in nature (for review see [4]) and among the products of fusion reactions or nuclear transfer [5][6][7] were not successful before 1999. Finally, element 114 was first ever detected at the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), Dubna, Russia in 2004, where the formation of the isotopes 286−289 114 was observed in the nuclear fusion reactions of 48 Ca with 242,244 Pu (for review see [8]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indication for a volatile element 114

Eichler¹,

et al. 2010

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Transactinides / Element 114 / Adsorption / ThermochromatographySummary. Recently, the chemical investigation of element 112 revealed a highly volatile, noble metallic behaviour, as expected for the last group 12 member of the periodic table. The observed volatility and chemical inertness were ascribed to the growing influence of relativistic effects on the chemical properties of the heaviest elements with increasing nuclear charge. Here, we report for the first time on gas phase chemical experiments aiming at a determination of element 114 properties. This element was investigated using its isotopes 287 114 and 288 114 produced in the nuclear fusion reactions of 48 Ca with 242 Pu and 244 Pu, respectively. Identification of three atoms of element 114 in thermochromatography experiments and their deposition pattern on a gold surface indicates that this element is at least as volatile as simultaneously investigated elements Hg, At, and element 112. This behaviour is rather unexpected for a typical metal of group 14.

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Historical Reminiscences

Cited by 5 publications

References 89 publications

Precision atomic physics techniques for nuclear physics with radioactive beams

Precision atomic physics techniques for nuclear physics with radioactive beams

Gas chemical properties of heaviest elements

Indication for a volatile element 114

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