HIMT, glass composition and commodity branding in the primary glass industry

Freestone, Ian C.; Degryse, Patrick; Lankton, James; Gratuze, Bernard; Schneider, Jens

doi:10.2307/j.ctt21c4tb3.14

Cited by 49 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…All samples classify as low‐magnesium, low‐potassium (<1.5 wt% each of MgO and K 2 O) natron glasses (Lilyquist, Brill, & Wypyski, ; Sayre & Smith, ). Figure compares the TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 versus Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 ratios, which may be used to distinguish the main natron glass groups occurring in the Levant around the 1st millennium CE (Freestone, Degryse, Lankton, Gratuze, & Schneider, ; Freestone, in press; Schibille, Sterrett‐Krause, & Freestone, ). All of the samples plot in the area at the base of the diagram, characteristic of Roman and Byzantine period glass and especially glass made using sands of the Levantine coast.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance

et al. 2018

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Twenty‐two objects of glass from the Decapolis city of Gerasa, N. Jordan, with characteristic vessel forms ranging from Hellenistic to Early Islamic (2nd century BCE to 8th century CE) were analyzed for major and trace elements, and 16 samples for Sr‐isotopes. The majority were produced in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestine coast in the 6th–7th centuries CE, and strong inter‐element correlations for Fe, Ti, Mn, Mg, Nb reflect local variations in the accessory minerals in the Apollonia glassmaking sand. The ubiquity of recycling is reflected in elevated concentrations and high coefficients of variation of colorant‐related elements as well as a strong positive correlation between K and P. The high level of K contamination is attributed to the use of pomace (olive processing residue) as fuel, and a negative correlation with Cl, due to volatilization as the glass was reheated. This points to an efficient system for the collection of glass for recycling in Jerash during the latter part of the first millennium CE. Differences in elemental behavior at different sites in the Levant may reflect the context of the recycling system, for example, glass from secular contexts may contain less colorants derived from mosaics than glass associated with churches.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance

et al. 2018

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“…The higher titanium and zirconium contents relative to thorium and lanthanum clearly distinguish the red and green plant ash tesserae from the red and green natron samples, reflecting a different region of origin. More precisely, the plant ash red and green samples show features typically associated with an Egyptian provenance [11]. Since the orange samples cluster in the same field, they can tentatively be included in this group.…”

Section: Antimony Compounds As Opacifiermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Only three natron samples stand out for their very high TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratios ( Figure 2b). Their compositional features include high iron, manganese, and titanium (Table S1), identifying them as so-called HIMT glass, produced most likely in Egypt during the fourth and fifth century CE [11]. The plant ash glasses appear well separated from the bulk of the assemblage on account of somewhat higher TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 and lower Na 2 O/CaO ratios.…”

Section: Antimony Compounds As Opacifiermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Color Palette of the Mosaics in the Roman Villa of Noheda (Spain)

et al. 2020

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Excavations at the Roman villa of Noheda (Spain) revealed the remains of an exceptionally elaborate fourth-century floor mosaic that contains a surprisingly large number of glass tesserae, representing a broad spectrum of colors. This paper presents the results of the chemical (LA-ICP-MS) and microstructural analyses (SEM-EDS, XRPD) of 420 glass tesserae from these mosaics. The high number of data allowed us to establish the compositional variability and to elucidate questions of supply in relation to a large-scale artistic campaign. The tesserae from Noheda were almost exclusively made from recycled mixed Roman Mn and Sb base glass, thus demonstrating that recycling of Roman base glasses was common practice in the fourth century, occurring on a near industrial scale. It also suggests that the workshops specializing in the production of mosaic tesserae might have been in the western Mediterranean. A limited number of coloring and opacifying additives (Mn, Co, Cu, Sb, Pb) were identified, which resulted in a wide range of hues. These were differentially associated with various trace elements, which implies the use of different raw materials. A sub-set of red, green, and orange tesserae reflect distinct base glass characteristics as well as coloring technologies that point to an Egyptian provenance.

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“…, ; Freestone et al . ). Building on recent advances on the characterization and the geographical dissemination of this particular glass type, most notably by Nenna () and Freestone et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Building on recent advances on the characterization and the geographical dissemination of this particular glass type, most notably by Nenna () and Freestone et al . (), we propose a refined chronology and distribution pattern of the two main known subgroups, HIMTa and HIMTb (Ceglia et al . , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Supply of Glass at Portus Ilicitanus (Alicante, Spain): A Meta‐Analysis of HIMT Glasses

et al. 2018

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Portus Ilicitanus (Picola, Alicante) was the main sea harbour of the Roman Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta and as such played a crucial role in the supply of fundamental commodities to the Iberian Peninsula. Excavations yielded large quantities of glass in fourth‐ and early fifth‐century contexts. Elemental analysis of 60 samples by laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) confirmed that the glasses were imported from the Eastern Mediterranean. A majority of the glasses correspond to the HIMTa primary production group, which originates from Egypt. The statistical evaluation of published data of 589 HIMT glasses further revealed differential distribution patterns of the HIMTa and HIMTb subtypes between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, suggesting chronological trends that are linked to wider geopolitical changes. This demonstrates the need for systematic large‐scale approaches to identify supply patterns and possible factors underlying geographical differences and/or chronological developments.

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HIMT, glass composition and commodity branding in the primary glass industry

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance

Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance

The Color Palette of the Mosaics in the Roman Villa of Noheda (Spain)

The Supply of Glass at Portus Ilicitanus (Alicante, Spain): A Meta‐Analysis of HIMT Glasses

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