Highly Efficient Zirconium Based Carbonaceous Solid Acid Catalyst for Selective Synthesis of 5-HMF from Fructose and Glucose in Isopropanol as a Solvent

Biomass-Modified Zirconium-Based Catalyst for One-Pot Reductive Etherification of Bioderived Aldehydes to Furanic Diether

“…The binding energy peak of the S 2p species is assigned to the sulfur in the −SO 3 H groups. The binding energy of Zr 3d 5/2 shifts from 182.9 eV in Zr–S to 183.4 eV in Zr–S–F (Figure d), implying that the charge of the Zr atom is more positive in Zr–S–F; therefore, its Lewis acidity increases . Zr 4+ –O 2+ can provide the LA/Lewis base sites in Zr–S–F .…”

“…The binding energy of Zr 3d 5/2 shifts from 182.9 eV in Zr−S to 183.4 eV in Zr−S−F (Figure 6d), implying that the charge of the Zr atom is more positive in Zr−S−F; therefore, its Lewis acidity increases. 6 Zr 4+ −O 2+ can provide the LA/Lewis base sites in Zr−S−F. 55 Therefore, the LA sites provided by Zr 4+ are enhanced, while the Lewis basic sites provided by O 2+ show no obvious change after the introduction of carbon.…”

“…First, sulfonic groups on the catalyst provide the BA sites to etherify the hydroxyl group of HMF to monoether (4). Second, the BA and LA sites synergistically convert 4 to 2-bis(isopropoxymethyl)-5-(isopropoxymethyl)furan (6). Finally, 6 undergoes MPV reduction over the LA sites and Lewis basic sites to the final product of BPMF (7).…”

“…The development of using renewable energy to replace fuel has received widespread attraction due to the dwindling fossil-fuel resources. Particularly, the conversion of biomass and its derived carbohydrates into fuels and chemicals has been one of the hotspots in recent years. − Biomass has a wide range of sources and is the most abundant natural carbon source, which can afford green valuable products such as biofuels or alternative additives without affecting human-food consumption. − Among the biobased products, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a furan compound derived from the dehydration of biomass, is considered to be one of the most promising platform molecules that can be transformed into rich and interesting chemical substances, especially into the products of chemicals and fuels …”

Conversion of bio-carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in three-component deep eutectic solvent

“…Aerwards, Zhao et al used metal chlorides instead, excellent yield up to 83% were obtained, however the selectivity was poor. Other catalysts, such as NHC/metal complex, 35 mineral acid catalyst, 31,36 solid acid catalyst, [37][38][39] have been intended for the conversion of biocarbohydrates to HMF as well. Yoshida et al pointed out that appropriate acidity, especially the medium-strong acid could maintain optimal balance between catalytic activity, yield of product and selectivity.…”